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Foreward. Acknowledgements. Chapter One. Evolution of the Golf Green. Origins of Golf. First Greenkeepers. The Influence of Old Tom Morris. Golf Greens And Greenkeeping Evolve. Early Source of Information About Golf Greens. Golf Greens And Greenkeeping Becomes More Sophisticated. Golf Greens Without Irrigation. Native Soil Greens. Alternative Putting Surfaces. Forms of Early Greens. Golf Greens In The Roaring Twenties. Irrigating Golf Greens. Piper And Oakley. F.W. Taylor. Chapter Two. Golf Green Theories. Background. Native Soil Greens. Fredrick W. Taylor's Work. Charles Blair MacDonald's Subirrigation Greens. The Lewis System For Automatic Subirrigation. Donald Ross Approach To Well Drained Greens. Post World War II Turf Research. USGA Method For Green Construction. First USGA Greens Specifications. USGA Method Begins To Evolve. The Perched Water Table Concept Debate Begins. Intermediate Sand Layer Re-evaluated. New USGA Guidelines. But What About The Perched Water Table? USGA Greens And Environmental Impact. Blending Topmix. Introduction Of Modern Soil Blending. Cost To Benefit Ratio. California Greens. Davis And Madison. California Greens Theoretical Basis. Natural Organic Matter Accumulation. Similarities Between USGA And California Concepts. Misconceptions Between USGA And California Greens. Modified Or Simplified Green Construction Methods. Varying Depth Of Rootzone. Inorganic Amendments. Flat Pipe. Rootzone Gas Exchangers. Rootzone Gas Analyzers. Rootzones For Gas Exchangers. Golf Green Irrigation. Subirrigation Revisited. Chapter Three. Design Considerations For Golf Greens. From Follows Function. Size Of Green. Size And Number Of Hole Locations. Slope Of The Putting Surface. Speed Of Greens. Shape Of A Green. Multiple Drainage Ways. Creating Distinct Target Areas. Greens As The Focus Of Strategic Design. Hazards Define Shot Values. Reading And Interpreting A Green Drawing. Form Follows Function For Green Surrounds. Purposes Of Bunkers. Bunker Sand Influence On Surrounds. Mowers Influence On Surrounds. Resolving Conflicts Between Design And Maintenance. Improving Existing Problem Greens. Rebuilding Old Greens. Chapter Four. Making Intelligent Compromises In Green Construction. A Method For Decision Making. Check Availability Of Materials. Check Quality And Quantity Of Irrigation Source. A Case Study: Bully Pulpit, Medora, North Dakota. Another Case Study That Was Never Built. Designing For Stressful Environments. Compromises For Greens In Shade. Compromises For Pesticide Restrictions. Importance Of Golf Course Superintendent. Microbial Activity Of Greens. Composts. Chapter Five. Green Construction Techniques. Methodical Process. Construction Responsibilities. Construction Documents. Personal Experience. Staking Out The Green. Topsoil And Surrounds. Design Subgrade. Tiling The Green. Flat Tile. Smile Drain. Drop Inlets And Clean Outs. Animal Guards. Moisture Or Wicking Barrier. Root Barrier. Re-establish Grades. Filling The Green Cavity. Compacting The Rootzone. Protecting The Rootzone. Fumigation. Re-topsoiling. Irrigation Installation. Controlling Weeds During Construction. Finish Grade On Putting Surface. Pre-plant Soil Amendments. Pre-plant Punch List. Sample Green Construction Checklist. Planting And Sodding. Mulch. Early Irrigation Practices. Fertilizers, Pesticides And Topdressing. Mulch Removal. Early Mowing. Encroachment Barriers. Developing A Mat Layer. Maintaining Rootzone Fertility. Bunkers. Summary. Chapter Six. Rootzone Sampling, Testing And Evaluation. The Test Result Numbers Game. Accredited Labs For Rootzone Testing. American Society For Testing And Materials. Confidence Intervals. Ksat Controversy. Proper Sampling Techniques. The Laboratory Analysis Report. Physical Analysis. Performance Testing. Organic Matter Testing. Selecting Organic Amendments. Carbon To Nitrogen Ratio. Inorganic Amendments. Bunker Sand. Chapter Seven. Selecting Turfgrasses Or Artificial Turf for Greens. A Historical Perspective. Seed For Greens. Sod For Greens. Other Plants For Greens. Turf Gardens Develop. New Generations Of Grasses For Greens. Selecting The "Right" Variety. National Turfgrass Evaluation Trials. Seed Blending. Seed Quality. Experimental Greens. Synthetic Turf. History Of Artificial Turf For Golf. Artificial Turf Golf Courses. Chapter Eight. Legal Liabilities Of Golf Green Construction. Disclaimer. Proof Of Liability. Selecting Competent Consultants. Analyzing A Site. Communicating The Design Intent. Construction: In-House Or Outside Contractor? Bid Documents. Things Go Wrong. Site Conditions. Construction Operations. Faulty Materials. Rootzone Selection. Blending. Placing Rootzone. Quality Control. Checking Final Grades. Selecting And Planting Turf. Improper Maintenance. Chapter Nine. Postscript - My Personal Experiences Building Golf Greens And The Future of Greens. The Value Of Patience And Observation. Be Open-Minded. Method To Minimize Risks. My First 100% Sand Green. Adding Sand Appendages To A Clay Green. Learning About Seaweed. Calcium To Magnesium Ratio Is Critical. Balance Is More Important Than Quantity. Cation Exchange Capacity Is Over-Emphasized. The Future Of Greens. Improved Grasses. Artificial Turf. Fertilizers And Biostimulants. Subirrigation. Non-Lethal Pest Controls. Managing Soil Air. The Upside Down Green. G.P.S./G.I.S. Pesticides. Inorganic Amendments. Appendix One. Appendix Two. Appendix Three. Appendix Four. Appendix Five. Appendix Six. Appendix Seven. Appendix Eight. Appendix Nine.