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Chapter 1: APPEARANCE AND REALITY The World of Forms Plato: The Symposium Plato: Parable of the Cave Black Elk: Crazy Horse’s Vision *Hannah Arendt: The Value of the Surface Idealism: Western and Asian George Berkeley: Subjective Idealism The Upanishads: Thou Art That *Sri Ramana Maharshi: A Commentary on the Upanishads Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Idea *Hui Neng: The Sutra of Hui Neng Materialism Wang Fu-Chih: Neo-Confucian Materialism Friedrich Engels: Materialism and the Scientific World View Chapter 2: KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENCE The Problem of Method Charles Sanders Peirce: The Fixation of Belief Paul Feyerabend: Against Method *Sandra Harding: Is Science Multicultural? *Patricia Hill Collins: Afrocentric Feminist Epistemology Ayatullah Murtaza Mutahhari: Limits of Science The Limits of Reason and the Limits of Knowledge Chaung Tzu: Knowledge and Relativity Jorge Luis Borges: Averroes’ Search Daisetz T. Suzuki: Zen Knowledge Chapter 3: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION Theistic Arguments and Atheist Challenges A.C. Ewing: Proofs of God’s Existence Anthony Flew: Theology and Falsification Sigmund Freud: A Philosophy of Life The Religious Experience Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Personal Experience of God Buddhassa: No Religion Vine Deloira: Tribal Religious Realities Religions, Society, and Politics Karl Marx and F. Engels: Critique of Religion Leonardo and Clodovis Boff: Liberation Theology *Sulak Sivaraksa: Engaged Buddhism *Hassan Hanafi: Islam and Revolution Carol P. Crhist: Why Women Need the Goddess Chapter 4: HUMAN NATURE Universal Human Nature Is Human Nature Good or Evil? A Chinese Debate: Mencius: Human Nature Is Good Hsun Tus: Human Nature Is Evil Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature as Competitive Petr Kropotkin: Mutual Aid *Ashley Montague: War and Aggression Jean-Paul Sartre: There Is No Human Nature *Francisco Miro Quesada: Man Without Theory Gender Nature Women’s Nature: Two Islamic Views Al-Ghazali: The Proper Role for Women Fatima Mernissi: Beyond the Wall Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex *Ortega y Gasset: Woman as Body *Elizabeth V. Spelman: Gender and Race *Paula Guinn Allen: The Sacred Hoop Sexual Nature *Richard D. Mohr: Gay Basics *Ruth Hubbard: The Social Construction of Sexuality Chapter 5: SELF, MIND AND BODY A Controversy in the Modern Western Tradition Rene Descartes: Meditations David Hume: Personal Identity Hinduism and Buddhism: A Similar Controversy Bhagavad-Gita: Samkhya Dualism The Upanishads: The True Self Questions of King Melinda: No Self T.R.V. Murti: The Middle Way Toshiko Izutsu: Ego-less Consciousness: A Zen View A Defense of Hume and Buddha Based on Modern Psychology Derek Parfit: Divided Minds and the “Bundle” Theory of Self Self as Activity Risieri Frondizi: Dynamic Unity of the Self The Self Beyond Death *The Tibetan Book of the Dead: Death and Rebirth *Innocent Onyweunyi: Africa and Reincarnation: A Reappraisal Plato: The Phaedo Aristotle: On the Soul The Carvaka School: Ancient Indian Materialism Bertrand Russell: Persons, Death, and the Body Chapter 6: DESTINY, DETERMINISM, AND FREEDOM Destiny and Freedom Sarvepalli Radhakrishanan: Karma and Freedom *Kwame Gyekye: Destiny and Free Will: An African View Radical Freedom Fyodor Dostoevsky: Notes from the Underground Jean Paul Sartre: Freedom and Action Reconciling Freedom and Determinism Mortiz Schlick: Freedom and Responsibility *John Hospers: Free Will and Psychoanalysis Nancy Holmstrom: Firming Up Soft Determinism Kitaro Nishida: Freedom of the Will Chapter 7: ETHICS The Ethics of Duty and Its Critics The Bhagavad-Gita: Right Action Immanual Kant: Moral Duty John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism Virginia Held: Feminist Transformation of Moral Theory Universal Concern for Others: Altruism vs. Egoism *Motse: Universal Love Ayn Rand: The Virtue of Selfishness Gunapala Dharmasiri: Buddhist Ethics *Carlo Filice: On the Obligation to Stay Informed About Distant Atrocities Subjectivism and the Problem of Relativisim Alejandro Korn: Values Are Subjective *Alain Locke: A Functional View of Value Ultimates *David Wong: Relativism Chapter 8: THE MEANING OF LIFE AND DEATH Happiness and the Good Life Aristotle: The Rational Life Tabatabai: Islam is the Road to Happiness *Joan Chittister: Living The Rule of St. Benedict Today *H. Sadddahtissa: The Four Noble Truths *Herbert John Benally: Navajo Ways of Knowing Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus Taoist and Confucian Views Lao Tus: Living in the Tao Chuang Tsu: Lost in the Tao Raymond M. Smullyan: Whichever the Way *Fung Yu-Lan: The Spheres of Living Facing Death *Ancient Egyptian: The Dispute of a Man with his Soul *Native Mesoamerican: Thought of the Sages *The Dalai Lama: Living and Dying in Peace Gregory Baum: Social Conceptions of Death Ettty Hillesum: Facing Death Chapter 9: SOCIAL JUSTICE Perspectives, Difference and Moral Respect *Peggy McIntosh: White Privilege and Male Privilege *Laurence Thomas: Moral Deference *Paula M.L. Moya: Chicana Woman Identity *Karen Fiser: Philosophy and Disability Social Equality *Satyavrata Siddhantalankar: Defense of Varna (Caste) *John Rawls: A Theory of Justice *H. Odera Oruka: Critique of Rawls Social Change: Violence or Nonviolence Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Mohandas K. Gandhi: Nonviolent Resistance *Martin Luther King: Non-Violence and Social Change Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary *Enrique Dussel: Revolution and Violence *Indicates New Reading