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Introduction Spain's Gambit 1 Chapter One The Birth of the French West Indies 7 Chapter Two Le Code Noir (The French Black Code) 13 Chapter Three The 1789 French Revolution and Political Developments in The French West Indies 17 Chapter Four France and the Spirit of Integration 23 Chapter Five Abolition-View by Victor Schoelcher 27 Chapter Six The Assimilation of the Colonies 31 Chapter Seven Interaction of Peoples and Races in the French-speaking Caribbean 37 The white groups: Creoles and French 37 The people of color 42 The Blacks 45 Chapter Eight The Colonies-Victory and Defeat 49 St. Domingue's victory 49 Guadeloupe's defeat 52 Chapter Nine Abolition-The Role of Cyrille Charles Auguste Bissette and Armand Barbes 55 Assimilation within the French West Indies and Guyane 59 Chapter Ten Haiti in Literature from Independence to the American Occupation 63 An Overview 63 Chapter Eleven The Literature of the French West Indies and French Guiana from Emancipation to Publication of Batouala 73 Chapter Twelve The New Trend Batouala and the Color Line 81 Chapter Thirteen Coming to Terms with Africa- Haitian Nationalism 85 The Americans in Haiti 85 The vocation of the elite and the first indigenist movement 87 Price-Mars: The call for Haitian nationalism 90 Haitianist periodicals and manifestos 94 What did this period of Haitian nationalism bring to Haiti? 96 Chapter Fourteen Paris 107 The New American Negro 108 Chapter Fifteen The Drive for Full French Citizenship 113 The Revolt of Self Defense 115 Chapter Sixteen The Enunciation of Negritude- The New French Negro 119 Negritude and Black Marxism 130 Chapter Seventeen Pigment-Negritude in Revolt 135 Chapter Eighteen C6saire, Negritude, and Politics in the French West Indies 143 Conclusion 147 Appendix Interview with Josie Fanon, Frantz Fanon's Widow 155 Notes 163 Bibilography 177