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1 The Evolution of Victims' Rights 1 I. The Victim through History 2 Shifting Ideologies: The Political State 4 II. The Rebirth of the Victim 7 Victims in Contemporary Criminal Justice Policy: The Realisation of Rights? 12 III. The Normative Basis for Victims' Rights 19 Defining 'Victims' 20 Defining 'Rights' 25 The International Perspective 28 IV. Victims' Rights and the Adversarial Process 34 2 The Right to Protection 37 I. Protection from Victimisation 38 Positive Obligations: The Duty to Protect Life 39 Ramifications for Domestic Practice 45 II. Secondary Victimisation 51 The Nature and Extent of the Problem 52 International Standards 64 Domestic Practice 76 Discussion 109 IV. Conclusions 113 3 The Right to Participation 115 I. Prosecution and Pre-Trial Processes 118 Influencing Prosecutorial Decisions 118 Private Prosecutions 124 Preparing for Trial 126 II. The Trial Process 135 Participation within the Adversarial Context 138 III. Sentencing 147 The International Perspective 148 Domestic Practice 150 IV. Conclusions 156 4 The Right to Justice 159 I. International Standards 159 International Human Rights Law 160 Progressing the Concept 164 II. The Right to a Remedy in the Domestic Legal Order 171 Victims of Non-State Crime 175 III. A Right to Truth? 180 International Developments 182 Truth in the Adversarial System 186 The Trial 193 The Verdict 201 Summary 203 IV. Conclusions 204 5 The Right To Reparation 207 I. Reparation as an International Standard 208 The Origins of Reparation in International Law 208 Reparation in Human Rights Law 211 Lessons from International Criminal Law 219 Discussion 222 II. Realising Reparation in the Criminal Justice System 226 State Compensation 227 Reparation from the Offender 231 III. Rethinking Reparation 236 IV. Conclusions 240 6 A Place For Victims' Rights? 243 1. Victims' Rights and Adversarial Justice 244 The Nature of Victims' Rights 245 The Inherent Limits of Adversarial Justice 249 Summary 254 II. Alternative Approaches 254 Restorative Justice 254 The Inquisitorial Approach 265 III. Looking to the Future 285 Reforming the Adversarial Paradigm 285