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PART 1 Youth in Africa's Labor Market: A Synthesis 1 Marito Garcia and Jean Fares Chapter 1 Why Is It Important for Africa to Invest in Its Youth? 3 Marito Garcia and Jean Fares Why Focus on the Transition to Work? 4 Africa's Demographic Transition Creates a Window of Opportunity 4 The Level of Educational Attainment Has Risen- and Returns to Education Are Rising in Some Countries 7 Despite Progress, Significant Challenges Remain 8 The Policy Response 11 Notes 14 Chapter 2 Transitions to Working Life for Africa's Youth 15 Marito Garcia and Jean Fares Poverty and Large Income Shocks Push Children into the Work Force 18 The School-to-Work Transition of Africa's Youth Is Long and Difficult 21 Chapter 3 How Do Africa's Young People Spend Their Time? 27 Marito Garcia and Jean Fares Not Many Youth Are in the Labor Market and Employed 27 A Large Proportion of Youth Are "Inactive" 29 Many Young People Are in School 29 Time Use Varies by Income Group 32 Notes 37 Chapter 4 The Effect of Education on Income and Employment 39 Marito Garcia and Jean Fares How Does Education Affect Income? 39 How Does Education Affect Employment? 42 What Effect Does Education Have on Development? 44 What Keeps Educational Attainment Low? 44 Notes 47 Chapter 5 Working in Bad Jobs or Not Working at All 49 Marito Garcia and Jean Fares What Makes the Transition to Work Difficult for Youth? 49 Youth Are Vulnerable in the Labor Market 53 Youth Unemployment Is High 60 Notes 65 Chapter 6 The Three Pillars of Policy: Lessons from International Experience 67 Marito Garcia and Jean Fares Responses from African Countries 73 Future Research to Fill Knowledge Gaps 75 Annex 6A. Methodology: Building an Indicator of the School-to-Work Transition 75 Annex 6B. Inventory of Selected Policies and Programs on Youth Employment and Skills Development in Burkina Faso 78 Government Involvement in Youth Empolyment Issuses 78 Description of Policies and Programs 79 How Well Have Interventions Performed? 82 Annex 6C. Inventory of Selected Policies and Programs on Youth Employment and Skills Development in Ethiopia 84 Government Involvement in Youth Employment Issues 84 Description of Policies and Programs 85 How Well Have Interventions Performed? 89 Annex 6D. Inventory of Selected Policies and Programs on Youth Employment and Skills Development in Tanzania 91 Government Involvement in Youth Employment Issues 91 Description of Policies and Programs 92 How Well Have Interventions Performed? 95 Annex 6E. Inventory of Selected Policies and Programs on Youth Employment and Skills Development in Uganda 97 Bibliography for Part 1 101 PART 2 Youth in Africa's Labor Market: Country Case Studies 107 Lisa Dragoset, Jean Fares, Lorenzo Guarcello, Florence Kondylis, Scott Lyon, Marco Manacorda, Daniel Parent, Furio Rosati, Cristina Valdivia, and Lars Vilhuber Chapter 7 School-to-Work Transitions: Regional Overview 109 Lorenzo Guarcello, Marco Manacorda, Furio Rosati, Jean Fares, Scott Lyon, and Cristina Valdivia Aggregate Trends 110 Young People's Time Use 115 Status of Young People in the Labor Market 120 The Transition from School to Work 131 Assessment of the Transition to Working Life 132 Annex 7A.1 141 Notes 144 References 146 Chapter 8 What Determines Labor Market Participation by Youth in Burkina Faso? 149 Daniel Parent Labor Market Indicators 150 Household Income, School Attendance, and Returns to Education 159 Notes 177 References 178 Chapter 9 Child Labor and Youth Employment in Ethiopia 181 Lorenzo Guarcello, Scott Lyon, and Furio Rosati National Context 182 Child Labor 185 Labor Market Status of Young People in Ethiopia 1 88 Transition to Working Life 196 Child Labor, Human Capital, and Youth Labor Market Outcomes 200 Policies and Programs for Youth Employment in Ethiopia 211 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 217 Notes 220 References 222 Chapter 10 Youth in the Labor Market and the Transition from School to Work in Tanzania 225 Florence Kondylis and Marco Manacorda Why Is Unemployment Higher among Youth? 226 Descriptive Evidence 228 Determinants of Labor Force Status among Youth 246 Conclusions and Policy Implications 254 Notes 257 References 258 Chapter 11 How Did Universal Primary Education Affect Returns to Education and Labor Market Participation in Uganda? 263 Lisa Dragoset and Lars Vilhuber Education and Earnings in Uganda 265 The Literature on Educational Participation in Developing Countries 266 The Model 267 Results 268 Concluding Remarks 276 Notes 276 References 277 Index 281 Box 1.1 HIV/AIDS Is Projected to Reduce the Size of the Youth Cohort in Southern Africa 6