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CHAPTER 1: LEGAL CONTEXT OF YUGOSLAVIA'S DISINTEGRATION: SOVEREIGNTY AND SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLES......................... .1 1.1. Introdjuction....................... ....................... 1 1.2. Sovereignty-Evolution of Legal Meaning and Practice ............. 3 1.3. Principle of Self-Determination-Evolution of Legal Meaning and Practice ................. ..................... 6 1.3.1. Decolonization.......................................18 1.3.2. Secession.................... . ......................23 1.3.3. Minority Rights............... ...................... 37 1.3.4. Human Rights Regime in Europe .......................... 51 1.3.5. Two Ends of a Spectrum? .................................. 56 CHAPTER 2: PRE-1914 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES AND THE BIRTH OF YUGOSLAVIA............. 65 2.1. Introduction............. ...............................65 2.2. The Nineteenth-Century Geography of Nationalism............... 66 2.3. Development of Serb National Movement until 1914.............. 67 2.3.1. Kosovo and Metohia prior to the First World War ............ 76 2.4. Developinent of Slovene National Movement until 1914 ........... 80 2.5. Development of the Croat National Movement and Croat-Serb Relations until 1914 ................................. 81 2.5.1. Croats and Serbs in Austro-Hungarian Provinces of Dalmatia, Krayina, Croatia and Slavonia ...................... . .....................83 2.6. Bosnia and Herzegovina prior to 1914 ........................... 98 2.7. The Macedonian Question .................................... 103 2.8. The Birth of Yugoslavia .................................... 104 CHAPTER 3: YUGOSLAVIAS' ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES (1918-1991)................................. 121 3.1. First Administrative Division of the South Slav Union: Thirty-three Districts (1921-1929) ............................. 121 3.2. Banovinas (1929-1939) ...................................... 127 3.3. Banovina Hrvatska (1939-1941) ................................ 129 3.4. Yugoslavia during the Second World War and the Formation of the Federalist People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1941-1945) ............ ....................132 3.5. The Communist Federal Arrangement ......................... 141 3.6. The Changing Geography of Yugoslavia's Constitutions. .......... 153 CHAPTER 4: THE (SELF-) DETERMINATION OF THE YUGOSLAV PEOPLES ...................................... 171 4.1. Introduction ............. .............................171 4.2. Slovenia's Bypass to the European Union via Secession ........... 173 4.3. The Croat Call for Democracy and Claim to Territory ............ 187 4.4. The Serbs: Rights of a Constituent Nation ....................... 195 4.4.1. Krayina's Trapped Minority ............................... 205 4.5. The Role of the Yugoslav People's Army ........................ 215 4.6. The Partition of Bosnia-Herzegovina ......................... 217 4.7. Macedonian Cohabitation ..................................... 229 4.8. Kosovo's Albanians: Rights of a Nationality .................. ... 232 4.9. Recursive Secessions Continue ............................... 236 CHAPTER 5: INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE (FORMER) YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS ......................... 239 5.1. Recognition as State-Building: Great Power Intervention ......... 240 5.2. The Badinter Commission ..................................... 254 5.2.1. Dissolution................. .........................256 5.2.2. Self-Determination of the Serbs ........................... 264 5.2.3. Uti possidetis........................ .. ............269 5.3. Recognizing Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Not Recognizing Macedonia .................. 277 5.4. Selective Morality of Secession..............................282 CHAPTER 6: CHANGING BORDERS BY FORCE ............. .293 6.1. Introduction ........................ .....................293 6.2. Mediation............ .......... .........................294 6.3. Peacekeeping: The Case of Krayina ............................. 299 6.3.1. The Vance Plan .......................................... 299 6.3.2. Evolution of the Vance Plan: From "Pink Zones" to "Z-4" and "UNCRO" .................................. 301 6.3.3. Operations "Flash" and "Storm": The Fall of Krayina.......... 305 6.3.4. Reintegration of Eastern Slavonia .......................... 313 6.4. Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Maps ................................. 315 6.4.1. The Cutileiro Plan....................................315 6.4.2. The Vance-Owen Peace Plan .............................. 316 6.4.3. The Union of Three Republics Plan (Owen-Stoltenberg Plan)..................................317 6.4.4. European Union Action Plan and the Contact Group Plan ................ .........................319 6.4.5. Dayton Peace Accords............ ....................320 6.5. International Military Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995).......................................323 6.6. International Military Intervention in Serbia and Montenegro (1999)............ ... ..................... 330 6.6.1. lus ad Bellum-The Law...............................331 6.6.2. lus ad Bellum-The Morality .............................. 336 §;6.2a. Exhaustion of Diplomatic Remedies.................. 336 6.6.2b. lus in Bello as Casus Belli- . ....................... 339 6.6.2c. lus in Bello as Casus Belli- . ....................... 343 6.6.2d.Ius in Bello-NATO and Moral De-legitimization.................................348 6.6.3. Final Analysis: Was NATO Bombing of FRY a Humanitarian Intervention? Has It Affected the Application of the Right to Self-Determination?................. ................ 354 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION: FORMER YUGOSLAVIA'S EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ........................... 363 7.1. Stabilization and Association-A New Approach? ............... 363 7.2. European Integration as Leverage for Enhancing Minority Rights in Croatia ................... .. ............... 370 7.3. Rendering Bosnia and Herzegovina a Functional State ........... 375 7.4. Macedonia's Decentralization as a Means of Fulfilling "Internal" Self-Determination ................................ 392 7.5. Montenegro's Separation from Serbia: Success or Failure of European Integration? ............................... 397 7.6. Self-Determination and Kosovo and Metohia's Future Status ............. ..............................404 7.7. Returning to Slovenia .............. ...................... 423 7.8. Toward a Conclusion .....................................426 APPENDIX I: LIST OF MAPS............................. 437 1. Military Frontier Province: Krayina .......................... 438 2. Yugoslavia, Administrative Division 1921-1929: 33 Districts ...... 439 3. Yugoslavia, Administrative Division 1929-1939: Banovinas ....... 440 4. Yugoslavia, Administrative Division 1945-1991: Republics and Provinces ................. ................. 441 5. Yugoslavia, Ethnic Composition, 1991 ......................... 442 6. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Carrington-Cutileiro Peace Plan, March 1992 ...................................443 7. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Vance-Owen Peace Plan, October 1992 .................................................443 8. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Union of Three Republics Peace Plan (Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan), August 1993 ................... 444 9. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Contact Group Peace Plan, October 1994 .............................................444 10. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Dayton Peace Accords, 1995 (juxtaposed on a map showing ethnic composition in 1991)....... 445 11. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Dayton Peace Accords, 1995 (juxtaposed on a map showing ethnic composition in 1995)....... 446 12. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Dayton Peace Accords, 1995 (juxtaposed on a map showing ethnic composition in 1998)....... 447 13. Kosovo and.Metohia: Serbian Population 1999-2004 ............. 448 14. Greater Albania (as perceived by Albanian nationalists) .......... 449 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 451 INDEX........................................................... 485