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ChapterI
The Role of Law in the Conduct of International Trade Relations I
1 .. ntroduction 1
12. International Legal Process 2
I ". 1 Compliance and the Nature of the 'Managerial Mode' 2
122 Relative Normativity and Compliance 6
.3. Central Elements of the Management Strategy 9
.3. L Reporting and Data Collection 9
1 ,2 Policy Review. Assessment, Participation and Supervision 10
113.. Capacity Building and Technical Assistance 11
1 .3.4. Dispute Settlement 1 1
31.'. The Adaptation and Modification of Treaty Norms 12
S3.6. The Role of institutions in Securing Compliance 12
.4. Fa,ctors Influencing Regime Design 13
14. 1. ihe Minimization of Transaction Costs 14
1.4.2 lihe Enhancem ent of Credibility 15
i 4, ..:y. The Modification of Poli tica Strategiest 16
1.4.4. Incomplete Contracting and Uncertainty 16
1.4.5. Safeguarding Sovereignty 17
S14.6. The Promotion of Compromise 18
1.4.6.1. Summary 18
1.5. International Relations Theory, the Creation of Regimes
and the Effect of Law on State Behaviour 19
1.5.1. The Relationship Between IL and IR Approaches 19
1.5.2. Realism: Agreements as Reflections of' Underlying
Power Distributions 21
1.5.3. Instittionalism: Agreements as Contracts for Securing
State Interests 22
1.5.4. Constructivism: Agreements as Covenants for Creating
State Identities and Interests '24
1.5ý5. Liberalism: Agreements as Embodiments
of Domestic Interests 25
1.6. Conclusions 26
Chapter 2
Regionalism, Multilateralism and Free Trade ý- Theoretical
Perspectives 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2. Regionalism: Regional Integration or Regional Cooperation? 31
23. The Economic Justification for Global Free Trade 32
2.4. The Economic Rationale for Regional Integration 35
2.4 1. Theoretical Models of Integration 35
2.4 .1 . Market Integration (Customs Union) Theory 35
2.4.1.2 Development Integration Theory ,
42., The Economic Effects of Regional Integration 38
2.42.1 Regional Integration, Market Size and
Economies of Scale 38
2.4.2.2 Integration and Traditional 'Gains from 'Tade' 39
2.4.2.3. The Effect of Regional Integration on
Economic Growth 39
24.2.4, The Effect of integration on Industry:
Agglomeration 40
2,4.2.5. The Effect of Integration on Incomes 41
2.42,6. The Role of Integration in Stimulating investment 41
2.5. Factors Affecting Benefits Conferred by Regional Integration 42
2.5.1. Choice of Partner(s) 43
2 5.2. Choice of Form of RTA 43
25.3. Number of Trade Agreenments Entered Into 44
2.5.4 External Trade Policy Stance . 44
2.5.. RTAs and Taxes 45
.> TheI Political Economy of Regionalism ('The 'M ltil aterali srn
,Versis Re,ionalism' Debate) 45
26. . Domino Regionalism 47
26,2. Regionalism as Insurance 47
2.6.3. Trade Blocs as Forums for Increasing Negotiating
Strength and Facilitating Negotiations 48
26.1. Trade Blocs as Forums for Negotiating Tactically 49
2 Rc7ginalism as Politics 49
21 'Peaceful Relations 50
.7.2. Regional Integration and the Nation-State - The Issue
of Sovereignty 51
2 ..3 Other Political Factors 52
2. kr onclusion 53
C hapter 3
The A TO's Reguaatory Regime for Regional Trade
Agreements: A Managerial Perspective 55
3 i. hntroduction 55
3. The Status and Function of the MFN Principle in GATT 56
3.21: History of the MFN Principle Prior to the Formation of GATT 56
.22. The Incorporation of the MFN Principle into GATT:
Compromise 57
23. Developing Country Grievances: Legitimacy of
GATT Rules Called into Question 59
3,.4 The impact on Legal Discipline of the Wider
Policy Changes 63
3.3. The Substantive Rules for the Establishment of RTAs 66
1 3. The Substantive Legal Requirements 66
3. 2. Interpretation and Clarification of the Substantive Rules 69
33.121. Substantially all the Trade (SAT) 70
3>312 General Incidence of the Duties and Regulations
of Comnmerce Applicable 72
1.3.Z, Interim Agreements and the Meaning of
Reasonable Length of Time '74
S3.3. The Approval of Non-Conforming Agreements 75
3.4. Summary 76
.. Nom Implementation: The Procedural Rules 76
3.4.1. Data Collection and Reporting: The Notification
Requirement 77
3.42. Nature of Data to be Provided and Identity of Provider 78
i3. The Examination of Notified Agreements:
Forun and Procedure 79
3.4.4 Monitoring and Supervision of Compliance 83
"3.5. Dispute Settlement and the Regulation of RTAs 83
3.5.1. Competence and Jurisdiction to Determine Consistency 84
3.5.2. The "Lex Specialis' Argument in 'Turkey -- Restrictions' 86
3.5.3. The EEC's Preferential Arrangements and the Dangers
inherent in Preferences 89
3.5.11. Background 89
3.5.3,2. The EC - Conditions for Granting Tariff
Preferences Dispute 91
3.5.33. The Panel Report 92
3.5.3.4. The Appellate Body Report
3.6. Conclusion 93
Chapter 4
Regional Integration and Trade Liberalization in Eastern
and Southern Africa: Order or Disorder? 97
4. L Introduction 97
4.2. The Nature of, and Rationale for African Inteoration 10(
4.2.1. Shared Identity
4.2.2. Institutionalist Considerations: Economic Growth
and Development 103
43. An Overview of Selected Regional Trading Arrangements 104
4.31. The African Economic Community (AEC):
Supra-Regional Regulation 104
4.3.1.1. History and Nature of the Treaty 104
4.3.1.2. Institutional Framework 106
4.3.1.3. The Liberlization Programme 107
4.3.2. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU):
Hegemonic Integration 109
4.3.2.1. History and Nature of the Union 109
4.3.2.2. institutional Framework i 1
4.3.2.3. Trade Liberalization Programme I12
4..3. The Southern African Development Community (SADC):
Development Integration i 12
4.3. 3 History and Nature of the Organization 1 1
4.3.3.2. Institutional Framework 114
4.3.3.3. The Liberalization Programme 1i 5
4.3.4. The East African Community (EAC): Aspirations
of Federation 11
4-3.4.1, History and Nature of the Organization 1 16
4.3.42. Institutional Framework i8
4.3.4.3. Trade Liberalization Programme 119
4.4. Alternative Aproaches to Integration and Trade Liberalization 2
4.4.1. The Regional Integration Facilitation Forum (RIFF) 20
14A: )The C-tonou Agreement and its Implications
for I rade Liberali/ation 122
. unary 123
" l apter 5
'e COMESA Treaty: A Managerial Perspective 127
:: hlotu uo : ::127
I I.ntroduction 127
5-2. Background: Nature and Objectives 128
5,2. 1 I ilistorical Devel pment of COMESA: Fr om Prefrential
Trade Area to Common Market 129
5. 2.2. Nature and Objectives of COMESA 131
5.2.3 Membershi p 133
'". The Institutional Framework of the Common Market 135
5 .I. C(OMESA Organs 135
3,1.2 Norm Formulation in COMESA 136
51 I. Source iof ia 136
5.13 !2. Law making with in COMESA 137
.orm lImolemerntation and 1)ispute Resolution in COMESA 141
"5 i. The Supervision of Implementation and Compliance 141
"5.4 2 The Roe of the Secretarit in Securing Compliance 14
5.4... Dispute Resolution and the COMESA Court of Justice 144
514.. The Relationship between COMESA Law
and National Law 145
5 The COMESA Economic Integration and
I ade Liberairzationm Agenda 146
55- 1. The Intra-Regional Trade Liberalization Strategy 148
5.1 . . The Most-Favotured-Nation Principle in
COMESA 148
5.12. . he Eflmination of Customs Duties on
Intra-Regional Trade 149
15.51 3 The COMESA Rules of Origin 152
5.5. l4. The Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs)
to Trade 154
55. Establishing a COMESA Customs Union 155
5.5 .21. The Customs Union Roadmap 156
". 5. _1 The Common External Tariff CET) 156
5.5). 23. Developing a Framework for the Administration
,of the CU 159
S . Nai,tonal Treatment 1 60
5.5n.4. ntair Trade Practices: Anti-Dumping and Countervailing
Duties 161
<5.5 Serious Disturbances and Safeguard Measures 162
. 5.6. Derogations 163
5.6. Relations with Third Parties: Institutional Linkages 164
5.6,. Relations with the WTO 165
5.6.2. Relations with Neighbouring Trade Blocs 166
5.6.3. Relations with the EU: Economic Partnership
Agreement Negotiations 1 69
5.7. Constraints to integration 171
5.7 1. Legal Shortcomings of the Treaties 7
5.7.2. Lack of Capacity 172
5.7.3. Inappropriate Integration Strategy 173
5.7.14 Structural factor 74
5.7.5. Multiple Overlapping Organizations 174
5.7.6. The Dominance of Politics 175
5 7.7. Institutional Shotcomings 175
5.8. Summary and Conclusion 76
Chapter 6
Improving the Effectiveness of the WTO: An Assessment
of the Doha Development Round Proposals 177
6.1. ntroduction 177
6.2. Modalities for. and State of. Negotiations on Rules 178
63. The Relationship Between Regionalism and Multilateralism i80
6.4. 'Developmental Aspets' of the Negotiations 1 8
6.5. Proposals Aimed at Increased Transparency 183
5.1. Time of Notification 1
65.2. Purpose of Examination :18
6.5.3. Forum for Notification and Examination 186
6.5.4. Provision of Information 186
6.5.41. Party to Provide Information 187
6.5.4.2. Nature of information to be Provided 188
6.6. Normative Requirements: The Definition of 'Substantially
all the Trade (SAT' 189
67. Summary 191
Chapter 7
The Regulation of Regional Trade Agreements:
Enhancing the Effectiveness of the COMESA Legal Regime 193
7. T Introduction 193
7.2. Norm Formulation and Treaty Adaptation 194
7.2.1. The Necessity for Consensus 194
7.2.2. Consent and Treaty Adaptation: Holding Parties
Accountable 195
The Adoption of Appropriate Integration Strategies 196
1. 7ACapacity Building and Technical Assistance to Enhance
Compl iance . 97
7A41. The Alleviation of Member State Capacity Constraints 197
7.4.2 The Alleviation of Institutional Capacity Constraints 198
. The Management of Compliance with COMESA Obligations 199
7.5. Enhancing Transparency 199
71 5. Dispute Settlement 199
"7.6 The Issue of Membership and RTA Configuration 199
7.7 Summary 202
Chapter 8
Summary and Conclusion 203
Appendix I
Article XXIV, GATT 1947 207
Appendix II
The Enabling Clause 211
Appendix III
Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XXIV of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 215
Appendix iV
Dates and Summary Reports of the Meetings of the
Negotiating Group on Rules 219
Appendix V
Submissions on Regional Trade Agreements to the Negotiating
Group on Rules 221
Bibliography 223
COMESA Materials 241
GATTIWTO Materials 243
Table of Treaties 247
rable of Cases 249