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Authors vii Acknowledgments viii Foreword ix Background x Introduction xi 1. Types of Risk Mitigation Instruments 1 Credit Guarantees 2 Export Credit Guarantees or Insurance 4 Political Risk Guarantees or Insurance 4 2. Recent Trends in Risk Mitigation 6 Regulatory Risk 6 Devaluation Risk 7 Subsovereign Risk 7 3. Characteristics of Risk Mitigation Providers and Compatibility of Products 9 Multilateral Agencies 9 Bilateral Agencies 9 Private Financial Entities 10 Complementary Arrangements 10 4. Innovative Application of Risk Mitigation Instruments 12 Multilateral Wrap Guarantees by Combining Partial Credit Guarantees 12 PCG Combined with Contingent Loan Support 12 PCG for Pooled Financing 12 Complementary Guarantees by Combining a PRG and PRI 13 Corporate Finance with PRG and PRI 13 Privatization Guarantees 13 Brownfield Project Support 13 Country-Specific Guarantee Facilities 13 Global or Regional Guarantee Facilities 13 Guarantee Initiatives for Local Capital Markets 14 5. ChalengesAhead 15 Appendix A. Profiles of Transaction Cases 17 Appendix B. Profiles of Multiateral and Bilatera Risk Mitigation nstruments 36 List of Tables 1 Broad Category of the Availability of Instruments 3 Appendix A. Profiles of Transaction Cases Al Summary, Philippines Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation 18 A2 Summary, Philippine Power Trust I 18 A3 Summary, Tlalnepantla Municipal Water Conservation Project 19 A4 Summary, City of Johannesburg 20 A5 Summary, Privatization of Romanian Power Distribution Companies 20 A6 Summary, Joint Kenya-Uganda Railway Concession 21 A7 Summary, AES Tiet 22 A8 Summary, Phu My 2.2 BOT Power Project 24 A9 Summary, Rutas del Pacifico 25 A10 Summary, IIRSA Northern Amazon Hub 26 All Summary, Tamil Nadu Pooled Financing for Water and Sanitation 27 A12 Summary, West African Gas Pipeline Project 28 A13 Summary, Southern Africa Regional Gas Project 29 "A14 Summary, Afghanistan Investment Guarantee Facility 30 A15 Summary, SME Partial Credit Guarantee Program 31 A16 Summary, Private Infrastructure Development Group 31 A17 Summary, BOAD Infrastructure Guarantee Facility 33 A18 Summary, African Trade Insurance Agency 34 Appendix B. Profiles of IMajor Mutilatera Risk Mitigation nstruments B1.1 World Bank: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA) 37 B1.2 International Finance Corporation (IFC) 38 B1.3 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) B1.4 African Development Bank (AfDB) 40 B1.5 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 41 B1.6 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) 42 B1.7 Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) 43 B1.8 European Investment Bank (EIB) 45 B1.9 Andean Development Corporation (CAF) 46 B1.10 Islamic Corporation for Insurance of Investments and Export Credits (ICIEC) 47 B1.11 Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation (IAIGC) 49 Appendix B2. Profiles of Major Bilatera Risk Mitigation nstruments B2.1 Export Development Canada (EDC) 50 B2.2 Agence Frangaise de Developpement (AFD) 51 B2.3 Coface 52 B2.4 Deutsche Investitions und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (DEG) 54 B2.5 Foreign Trade and Investment Promotion Scheme (AGA) 55 B2.6 Italian Export Credit Agency (SACE) 56 B2.7 Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) 57 B2.8 Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI) 58 B2.9 Atradius Dutch State Business NV 59 B2.10 The Netherlands Development Finance Company (FMO) 61 B2.11 Norwegian Guarantee Institute for Export Credits (GIEK) 61 B2.12 Swedish Export Credit Guarantee Board (EKN) 63 B2.13 Swiss Investment Risk Guarantee Agency (IRG) 64 B2.14 Swiss Export Risk Guarantee (SERV) 65 B2.15 Department for International Development (DFID) 66 B2.16 Export Credits Guarantee Department (ECGD) 67 B2.17 United States Agency for International Development's (USAID's) Development Credit Authority (DCA) 68 B2.18 Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) 69 B2.19 Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) 70