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Introduction tting tarted ....................................................................................................................................................... Software needed ........................... ........ ........ .- i W hat you need to know ................ .. . ...... . ......... ....... .........iii Using ArcM ap .... ........ .............................................................................................................. The ArcM ap user interface .. .. ... ............. . . .............. ......... .... ...... v Basic operations ....... ............ . ......... ....... .......... ...... ........ .. .... Troubleshooting and support options .v.. .... __.. ... .... .............. ...... ......... i W orking w ith large num bers . ..... ..... .... .............................. Estimating percent area ............. .......... ii......... Es t n& pe .. a ............................................................................................................................................. i x Phiosophy .................................................................................. x nstructiona Design: The 5-E Learning Cycle .. ..... .................................................................................... ........................ x Learning science w ith GIS .. ..... ...................................... ............................ x M ap Quic Referen Shee ............................. ......................... ........................................................... .......... xi Investigations nit 1 The e anBasins . . .......................... ............ . ............................. .................................................. Warm-up 1.1 - The once and future ocean .. ... ..... ............................... 3 Investigation 1.2 - Changing Oceans .. .......... .............. ...... .......................... 9 "Reading 1.3 - Ocean Origins .................. .......... ........... 19 Investigation 1.4 - Beneath the waves ......................... ...... .................... ................ 27 Investigation 1.5 - Ocean basin features ... .... ..................................... ........ 33 Wrap-up 1.6- Why are the oceans young? ......... ........... .......... ....... 39 nit 2 - cean rrents ......................................................................................................................................... 41 Warm-up 2.1 - A puzzle at 70° N 4...... . ....... ............................................ 43 nvestigation 2.2 - Oceans in motion ................................. .............. 49 Reading 2.3 - Current basics ........ ......... ...........9............ ... 59 Investigation 2.4- Deep-w ater currents ....................................................................................... ............... .............. 69 Init 3 - ean -At mosphere nteractions ................................................................................................................. 81 Warm-up 3.1 - Moderating global temperature ................ ..... ............................. 83 Investigation 3.2 -A tale of two hemispheres ....... ..................... ....................... 87 Reading 3.3- Climate oscillations ....... ...................... ........................................... . 97 nvestigation 3.4- El Ni o and La Ni a ........................ ............................................... ............ ... 105 Wrap-up 3,5 - Local interactions .......................... ...................... ........ ....... 119 Unit 4- Marine Productivity.............. ........................ Warm-up 4.1 - Bounty from the sea ........ .....................................125 Investigation 4.2- The life-giving ocean 1...... . ...9........ .. ..... ........ ............ Reading 4.3 - Resources for productivity 1..[..................................35 nvestigation 4.4- Dead zones ....... ....... ............. ...... .. ..-... .141 Wrap-up 4.5 - earching for solutions .............................. ... .......1...... .....-....- ...- 49