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1 NAMES, RACES AND RELATIVES 17 "What's in a name 18 Plumage 19 Racial categories 24 Evolution within Accipiter gentilis 29 Goshawk relatives 30 Goshawk origins 33 Implications for conservation and management 33 Conclusions 34 2 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 36 Size matters 37 Variation between the sexes 37 Variation in body composition 42 Variation through the seasons 46 The benefit of high mass in winter 48 Causes and consequences of seasonal variation in body-mass 49 "Variation in mass with latitude 51 Possible origins of reversed size dimorphism 52 Size rules 54 Implications for conservation and management 54 Conclusions 55 3 NESTING AND LAYING 57 Tamed and wild 59 Nest habitats 60 The nest 60 The next site 6 1 The next area 64 Nest and area occupancy 68 Courtship behaviour 70 Flight behaviours 71 Calling 73 Territoriality 75 Nest-building 75 Provisioning 76 Copulation 77 Laying 80 Laying date 80 Clutch size 82 Repeat clutches 84 Implications for conservation and management 84 Conclusions 88 4 INCUBATION AND REARING 90 Incubation 91 Hatching 93 Feeding the young 95 Parenting 97 Development of the young 100 Sex ratios 104 Feather growth and moulting 107 Implications for conservation and management 112 Conclusions 113 5 MARKERS AND MOVEMENTS 15 Marking and trapping 116 Traps 116 Identification by natural characters: feathers and DNA 119 Artificial markers for visual detection: rings (bands) and dyes 120 Marers for electronic detecton: micro-transponders and radio-tags 121 Movements in the postfledging dependence period 123 Dispersal 125 Post-fledging brood-switching 128 First-winter movements 130 How dispersal movements occur 131 Homing 137 Migration 138 Irruptions 140 To move or not to move? 142 Pre-nuptial movements and site fidelity 143 Implications for conservation and management 145 Conclusions 146 6 DIET AND FORAGING 148 Studying diet at nests 149 Studying diet in winter 151 Foraging behaviour 153 Studing Goshawk behaviour in lowland Britain 154 Foraging in lowland Britain 155 Attacking, feeding, loafing and bathing in lowland Britain 159 Foraging in Fennoscandia 160 Foraging in towns 163 Foraging in North America 165 Home-ranges and territoriality 166 Variation in diet with latitude and altitude in Europe 70 Variation in diet with time 171 Variation in diet between sexes and ages 175 Carrion 177 Comparing diet in Eurasia and North America 177 Implications for conservation and management 180 Conclusions 182 7 PREY SELECT ION AND PREDATION PRESSURES 184 Prey vulnerability 185 Attack success 187 Arranged attacks 188 Selection 190 How Goshawks choose prey 193 Specialisation 194 Food requirements 195 Estimating the impacts of predation 196 Goshawks and pheasants 199 Goshawks and woodland grouse 202 Goshawks and corvids 202 Goshawks and other uncommon species 204 How Goshawk predation relates to change in prey densities 206 Implications for conservation and management 209 Conclusions 215 8 DEATH AND DEMOGRAPHY 217 Population dynamics 218 Egg-laying and clutch size 220 Total and partial brood failures 220 Spatial and temporal variation in productivity 224 Productivity of individuals and at single sites 227 Occupancy and breeding rates 229 Mortality and survival rates 233 Causes of death 234 Juvenile and adult mortality rates 237 Temporal and sex-linked variation in mortality 239 Life-time reproductive success 240 Population models 241 Dynamics and density 243 Population regulation 244 Dynamics and evolution 248 Implications for conservation and management 248 Conclusions 250 9 FALCONRY AND MANAGEMENT METHODS 252 History of falconry 253 Praining Goshawks 257 Location aids 263 What happened to trained Goshawks? 264 Domestic breeding 266 Hacking 270 Predation management 270 Implications for conservation 273 Conclusions 276 10 CONSERVATION THROUGH PROTECTION AND USE 277 Cooperation or conflict? 278 Pesticides 279 Past persecution and present illegal killing 284 Predation 287 Prey deficits 289 Goshawk habitats 293 Goshawks remain widespread 295 The application of some conventions 296 Cooperative conservation 299 Conclusions 302 1 1. Appendices 1 Scientific names of vertebrates mentioned in the text 304 2 Sources for figures that used data from more than 10 publications 307