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Chapter L Public and Privrate Rghtcs i
t e Coastal Zo e ..-----.---- ---- --- ..----- 8
A Oweership of Land Under Navigable Wa-
te r s - ,- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - -_ _ _ ::::
B, The Boundar y Between Public and Private
L.ands - - . ..--- -----i-- . -- -- -,--------- .. - .
C. Ambulatory Bou-daries . ...--...--...--... 14
,D The Signidicance of Public Ownership -----.- 19
1. The Public Trust Doctrine - - -.-...- 19
2. The Geogpraphic Scope of the Public
Trust Doctrine ---. --------- -----... ----..- 22
3. Divestrment of - ublic Tust 1Ijands ----- 25
E. Rig; s of .Ripar r r Littoral O ners 31
SThe ScopDe Of :pa.riamn or L.ittoral
RiEll ts -1.---l-.I.-- - -- ---- .--------- -- ------ - X31
2 imLtss o Riparian Ri ghts ---Th Navi
gatiin Seritude -..--------- -------- 38
Chapter I. Pubic Access to Beaches
and Shores -------. ------------ ---- 42
A. Co-monLav w L Theories [or each Access --. 42
1. Public E,asements by Prescription -..--- -43
. Implied Deuication --.-----...------.. - ..-
v
Page
3. Other Marine Protected Areas .----.--.--.-- 186
F. Managrement of Fishery Resources --.--.----.- 188
1.. Hlstorical Background of State Fisher-
"itets M anagem ent .... -. ......... ._ . -. 188
2 Federal Fisheries Management---------... 191
3. Foreign Fishing in the U.S. EEZ ...-----.205
4, State Managenment After Enadcient of
the MSA -l-----. --------- ....----------.. 207
a Inteirpreta-sti of "Rc-istered°"- 208
bI Meaning of "Consistent ---..-----...... 210
c, Federal Preemption ..--------.........-...-..----- 21 1
d. Otiher onst'tut.ionai Challenges ----- 214
e. Enforcement ISsues ------.-.-- - 218
G. Malna'gement. of Protec ted an d Endangered
Marine Species- ----------------..... - ... ... 219
1 h al -- - -- ... . .. -... --.. ... -- - --. ---------.-.. .. . - 9
a. - ackgroundi - - ---------.----.-.------ 219
b. The 194i6 Iternatiornad Whialin>g
Convention ----..-...----..---..-------- __ 220
c. United States' Enforcement of the
ntLerniatiocnal ialing Con ven[ion- 225
d, Other Il-ted States Actions to Pro-
teci Whales -------------.233
2. Marine Mammal Protecti)n .-----..------ 233
a. The Marine Mammal Protection Act 233
b. Marine M-ammal---Fisheries ]nterac-
tions.---. ..-------.--------.---------.------.--- 244
(1) The Tuna-Dolphin Controversy 2.4
(2) Incidental Taking in Other
Commrci ] Fisheiries --------- 250
03) High Seas Driftnet Fisheries ----. 254
3. The Endangered Species A-r ._---------.-- 2 5i5
4. Prrotected Marine Species aind GA? -T -.- 265
Chapter V. Pollution and the Marine
Environment e 276
A. Oil Polut.ion and Oil Spills -------.....---.- 279
1. 'The Internai ional Re . ........ - 279im
"2. Domestic Oil Pollution egitla tion ------ 285
a, Prohibti- ns and En forcementl Un-
der the Clean iWater Act Section
31-1 .--. ---.----.-- --i-. -- - - ----- - _i 286
b. Liability for Clean Up Costs and
I a T)aiges- . - -- -. ---..---- _.--.. _... -- - - - 294
i) 1 raditional Maritim1e Tort and
Commron Law Remedies -------- 295
(2) The Oil Pollution Act of .1990 ---- 297
{B), Vt hic. Law?i - ...-. .---......--------.. -------.--I. 309
(4) Pollution Prevention and Spill
Response-.. - ---...-------.. ---..----- 31.7
B. Ocean Dumping -..--------- . -----.. -- --. .. ..- --- 319
C. Persistent Marine Debris---Plastics ------ ---- 327
). Point Source Dischargs From Land and
Offshore Facilities _ :--..... ....-- . --- .---------- __ 330
E. Pollution Fro-rn Other Land-Based Activi-
ties . .-----.-------------.-------.----.. ---- 333
Chapter VI Domenstic Ocean Policy and
the Law of the Sea -----.-------.. -.-----._ _ 336
A, The Current Ciontext of the Law of the Sea 336
B& The Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone 344
.1. Baslrines _.i- .... ..-------.----- --- ---.- ---- ----.. 347
2. Rights and Duties of Coastal Nations--
Naviga lon --------.---.---..---------.---- 352
"C. The Continental Shelf ----..-. -----f--- 360
. Fishery Zones and Exclusive Economic
Zones ---- -------> ---------- - - - ----.... 364
E. The High S - --eas . - -. - - --.- ..-. ....-- ...---.- 368
"F. The International Seabed Area --..... ... 372
. The international Seabed egime of
the LOS Convention.-^ --- --..---------- - - 373
2. The United States Olijections and the
Implementing Agreement -----3--.-----. - 75
3. The Seabed Provisions and the Future
of the LOS Convention - ..- 378
G. Maritime Boundary Delimitation 3-------- 79
. Background - --.--. ...-....- ------. ------ . 379
2 United States Maritime Bounidaries - 385
a. Cuba-United States Boundary -----. 386
b. Mexico-United States Boundaries-. 386
c. Soviet Union (Russia) United States
Boundary --------------------. 387
d U.S. Possessions and Territories -- 389
e. United States-Canada Boundary in
the Gulf of Maine ---------------- 389
. Marine Scienific Research-------- ----- 395
I Dispute Reesolution i the LOS Convention 402
J. M arine Fisheries ---.-.. --. ---. - --- ....-.-- ..... 406
1. High Seas Fisheimes for Mi rator and
Straddling Fish Stocks ----I----------- 410
2. EEZ Fisheries Management ------------ 414
Chapter VIL The Future of United
States Ocean and Coastal Poie, ---- 418
A. The Beginnings of' Modern Ocean and
Coastal Policy Development------ 418
B. Ocean Policy for the 21st Century -------- 420