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L INTRODUCTION ............................ .......... ....... 1 The Starting Point and Aim ........................................................... 1 The Method ....................................................................................... 2 The Structure................................. ......................................................... 3 The Main Starting Hypotheses............................................................ 4 II. CRIMINALISATION ........................................... 5 III. GROUNDS FOR (PRINCIPLES OF) CRIMINALISATION...... 9 Anglo-America. Legal System......................................................... 9 Legitimisation of the State .......................................... ............ 9 Balancing Approach ............................................................... 10 Principled A pproach ...................................................................... 12 1. H arm Pfinciple................................................................... 13 2. O ffence Principle........................................................... . 14 3. Legal Paternalism ........................................... .......... ... 17 4. Legal Moralisni.:......................................................... 18 Limitations on the Principles of Criminalisation........................ 22 Continental Legal System............................................................. 23 Evaluation ........................................................................................... 29 The Legitimate Grounds .................................... ................... 31 IV. HARM PRINCIPLE - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.......... 35 The Definition of the Harm Principle..................................... ........... 35 Mill's 'Principle of Liberty' ...................................... ........... . 36 Feinberg's 'Harm Principle'........................................ ........... . 37 The Elements of the Harm Principle.................................... .......... 37 State Intervention............................................................................. 37 Causes or Likely to Cause (Harm)................................................ 41 (H arm ) to O thers.......................................................................... .. 48 M ediating M axim s........... ........................ ................................... . 56 The Notion of 'Harm' and Translation Equivalents................................ 57 The Anglo-American System ....................................... .......... . 57 1. The Formulation (the Concept)...................................... 57 2. The Substance (the Conception) and the Categorising of Harm/Seriousness of Crime........................................... 60 3. H arm - V ictim .................................................................. 63 4. The a Contrario and Relational Definition .................... 66 The Continental System - with Emphasis on Slovenian and German Criminal Law ......................................... ........... .. 69 The Functions of the Harm Principle ............................................... 71 Limiting and Delimiting ........................... ........................... 71 A Tool for Crim inal Policy ......................................... .......... .. 72 An Aid to Other Criminal Legal Principles............................... . 72 A Post-Delictum Tool................................................................... 73 The Nature of the Harm Principle ..................................... ............. . 74 Problems and Open Questions of the Harm Principle............................ 77 Problems with 'Harm ' .............................................. ....... .... 77 Relationship Harm - Culpability................................................. 79 The Indeterminate Scope............................................ .......... 84 1. Self-Regarding v. Other-Regarding Area ....................... 84 2. Not a 'Sufficient' Reason................................... .......... 86 Potential for Abuse (Abusability of the Harm Principle)............... 87 Some other Criticisms ............................................... ....... .... 89 Lim iting Factors/Principles.................................................................... 91 V. CONTINENTAL COUNTERPARTS TO THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CONCEPT OF THE HARM PRINCIPLE........................ ..... . ............. 95 The Continental 'General Paradigm of the Criminal Offence' ........... 95 Material Unlawfulness - Wrong(ful)ness - Rechtswidrigkeit........ 97 (Social) Dangerousness............................................................... 101 Legal Goods (Rechtsgiiter)....................................................................104 1. The C oncept....................................................................... 104 2. The Juxtaposition with the Concept of Harm................... 105 3. The H istory ........................................................................ 106 4. Various Schools of Rechtsgut Theorists........................... 107 5. The 'Legality' of Legal Goods ......................................... 109 6. Additional Questions ...................................... ............. I 7. Evaluation .......................................................................... 116 Classical Criminal Legal Principles................................................... 118 The Legality Principle ................................................................... 118 The Ultim a Ratio Principle.............................................................. 121 Proscribed Consequence ........................................................................24 VI. CONCLUSION - FINAL EVALUATION........................127 The Absence of a Counterpart...................................................................... 128 The Appeal of the Harm Principle......................................................... 128 (In)Sufficiency of the Principle............................................................ 129 Feasibility of Reception................................................... ...................... 131 The M ode of Reception............................................................................ 133 VII. SOME CRIMINOLOGICAL AFTERTHOUGHTS.............. 135 VIII.BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................141 IN,