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Foreword ix Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xv Chapter I Introduction: The Safety Convention and its Legal Environment i I.i Method and Material 5 1.2 Delimitations and Terminology 9 1.3 Procedural Mechanisms 21 1.3.1 Diplomatic Protection 22 1.3.2 Functional Protection 26 Chapter 2 Jurisdiction and Immunity 29 2.1 Principles ofJurisdiction 30 2.2 Multilateral Treaties Providing Jurisdiction 40 2.3 Ad Hoc Tribunals and Criminal Courts 45 2.4 Multilateral Treaties on Immunity 50 2.5 Status-of-Forces Agreements 51 2.6 Conclusions 55 Chapter 3 General Protection 57 3.1 International Minimum Standard 58 3.'.1 The Standard in Practice 64 3.1.2 Conclusions 74 3.2 Human Rights Law 75 3.2.1 Scope of Application 77 3.2.2 Duties of the Host Nation 88 2.2.3 Conclusions 91 3.3 International Humanitarian Law 92 3.3.1 Scope of Application 95 3.3.2 Standards of Protection 103 3.3.3 Conclusions I17 Chapter 4 Special Protection I19 4.1 Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities 120 4.1.1 Background 121 4.1.2 Diplomatic Agents 124 4.1.3 Conclusions 130 4.2 International Privileges and Immunities Provided by Multilateral Treaties 130 4.2.1 Scope of Application 135 4.2.2 Customary Law 147 4.2.3 Conclusions 149 4.3 International Privileges and Immunities Provided by SOFAs 150 4.3.1 Scope of Application 160 4.3.2 Status of the Operation and Personnel 168 4.3.3 Powers of Arrest and Jurisdiction 177 4.3.4 SOFA Norms as Customary International Law I93 4.3.5 Conclusions 201 Chapter 5 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel 205 5.1 Introduction 205 5.2 Process Leading to the Adoption of the Safety Convention 205 5.3 Analysis of the Safety Convention 213 5.3.1 Scope of Application 214 5.3. 1. "United Nations personnel" 215 5.3.1.2 "Associated personnel" 218 5.3.1.3 "United Nations operation" 225 5.3.1.4 Relationship to international humanitarian law 233 5.3.1.5 Proposed measures to expand the scope of the Convention and the new Optional Protocol 241 5.3.1.6 Assessment 256 5.3.2 Provisions on the Legal Status of Personnel 261 5.3.3 Duty to Provide Protection 269 5.3-3.1 Duty to release or return personnel captured or detained 271 5.3-3.2 Article 8 and SOFAs 274 5.3.4 Individual Criminal Responsibility 281 5.3.5 Miscellaneous 288 5.4 Conclusions 292 Chapter 6 An Emerging Legal Regime against Impunity 293 6.1 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel 295 6.2 Draft Code of Crimes against Peace and Security of Mankind 296 6.3 International Criminal Court 300 6.4 Indictments under the Ad Hoc Tribunals and the Specialised Court for Sierra Leone 303 6.5 Conclusions 305 Chapter 7 Summary and Suggestions for the Future 309 7.1 Summary 309 7.1.1 The Safety Convention in International Law 309 7.1.2 The System of Protection 313 7.2 Suggestions for the Future 318 7.2.1 A Broadened Scope of Application of the Safety Convention 319 7.2.2 Conformity of SOFA norms 319 7.2.3 Responsibility and Accountability 320 7.2.4 Combating Impunity Effectively 321 7.2.5 The Safety Convention and International Humanitarian Law 322 Treaties and Agreements 323 Table of Cases 327 Official Documents 331 Miscellaneous 342 Bibliography 343