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Introduction to the Transaction Fiftieth Anniversary Edition xxi Author's Preface to the Twentieth Anniversary Edition xxxiii Postscript Twenty Years Later, by Arnold Rose xxxvii Foreword, by Frederick P. Keppel Iv Author's Preface to the First Edition lix Acknowledgments lxxi Introduction Ixxvii 1. The Negro Problem as a Moral Issue 2. Valuations and Beliefs 3. A White Man's Problem 4. Not an Isolated Problem 5. Some Further Notes on the Scope and Direction of This Study 6. A Warning to the Reader PART I. THE APPROACH Chapter i. American Ideals and the American Conscience 3 I. Unity of Ideals and Diversity of Culture 2. American Nationalism 3. Some Historical Reflections 4. The Roots of the American Creed in the Philosophy of Enlightenment 5. The Roots in Christianity 6. The Roots in English Law 7. American Conservatism 8. The American Conception of Law and Order 9. Natural Law and American Puritanism io. The Faltering Judicial Order Si. Intellectual Defeatism 12. "Lip-Service" 13. Value Premises in This Study Chapter 2. Encountering the Negro Problem 26 I. On the Minds of the Whites 2. To the Negroes Themselves 3. Explaining the Prpblem Away 4. Explorations in Escape 5. The Etiquette of Discussion v 6. The Convenience of Ignorance 7. Negro and White Voices 8. The North and the South Chapter 3. Facets of the Negro Problem 50 1. American Minority Problems 2. The Anti-Amalgamation Doctrine 3. The White Man's Theory of Color Caste 4. The "Rank Order of Discriminations" 5. Relationships between Lower Class Groups 6. The Manifoldness and the Unity of the Negro Problem 7. The Theory of the Vicious Circle 8. A Theory of Democracy PART II. RACE Chapter 4. Racial Beliefs 83 1. Biology and Moral Equalitarianism 2. The Ideological Clash in America 3. The Ideological Compromise 4. Reflections in Science 5. The Position of the Negro Writers 6. The Racial Beliefs of the Unsophisticated 7. Beliefs with a Purpose 8. Specific Rationalization Needs 9. Rectifying Beliefs io. The Study of Beliefs Chapter 5. Race and Ancestry II 1. The American Definition of "Negro" 2. African Ancestry 3. Changes in Physical Appearance 4. Early Miscegenation 5. Ante-Bellum Miscegenation 6. Miscegenation in Recent Times 7. "Passing" 8. Social and Biological Selection 9. Present and Future Genetic Composition Trends Chapter 6. Racial Characteristics I i. Physical Traits 2. Biological Susceptibility to Disease 3. Psychic Traits 4. Frontiers of Constructive Research PART III. POPULATION AND MIGRATION Chapter 7. Pdpulation i. The Growth of the Negro Population 2. Births and Deaths 3. Summary 4. Ends and Means of Population Policy 5. Controlling the Death Rate 6. The Case for Controlling the Negro Birth Rate 7. Birth Control Facilities for Negroes Chapter 8. Migration 182 x. Overview 2. A Closer View 3. The Great Migration to the Urban North 4. Continued Northward Migration 5. The Future of Negro Migration PART IV. ECONOMICS Chapter 9. Economic Inequality 205 i. Negro Poverty 2. Our Main Hypothesis: The Vicious Circle 3. The Value Premises 4. The Conflict of Valuations Chapter o10. The Tradition of Slavery 220 i. Economic Exploitation 2. Slavery and Caste 3. The Land Problem 4. The Tenancy Problem Chapter 11. The Southern Plantation Economy and the Negro Farmer 230 i. Southern Agriculture as a Problem 2. Overpopulation and Soil Erosion 3. Tenancy, Credit and Cotton 4. The Boll Weevil 5. Main Agricultural Classes 6. The Negro Landowner 7. Historical Reasons for the Relative Lack of Negro Farm Owners 8. Tenants and Wage Laborers 9. The Plantation Tenant Chapter 12. New Blows to Southern Agriculture During the 'Thirties: Trends and Policies 251 x. Agricultural Trends during the 'Thirties 2. The Disappearing Sharecropper 3. The Role of the A.A.A. in Regard to Cotton 4. A.A.A. and the Negro 5. The Local Administration of the A.A.A. 6. Mechanization 7. Labor Organizations 8. The Dilemma of Agricultural Policy 9. Economic Evaluation of the A.A.A. io. Social Evaluation of the A.A.A. I1. Constructive Measures 12. Farm Security Programs Chapter 13. Seeking Jobs Outside Agriculture 279 I. Perspective on the Urbanization of the Negro People 2. In the South 3. A Closer View 4. Southern Trends during the 'Thirties 5. In the North 6. A Closer View on Northern Trends 7. The Employment Hazards of Unskilled Work 8. The Size of the Negro Labor Force and Negro Employment 9. Negro and White Unemployment Chapter 14. The Negro in Business, the Professions, Public Service and Other White Collar Occupations 304 i. Overview 2. The Negro in Business 3. Negro Finance 4. The Negro Teacher 5. The Negro Minister 6. The Negro in Medical Professions 7. Other Negro Professionals 8. Negro Officials and White Collar Workers in Public Service 9. Negro Professionals of the Stage, Screen and Orchestra to. Note on Shady Occupations Chapter 15. The Negro in the Public Economy 333 1. The Public Budget 2. Discrimination in Public Service 3. Education 4. Public Health 5. Recreational Facilities 6. Public Housing Policies 7. Social Security and Public Assistance 8. Specialized Social Welfare Programs during the Period After 1935 9. The Social Security Program o0. Assistance to Special Groups Si. Work Relief 12. Assistance to Youth 13. General Relief and Assistance in Kind Chapter 06. Income, Consumption and Housing 364 i. Family Income 2. Income and Family Size 3. The Family Budget 4. Budget Items 5. Food Consumption 6. Housing Conditions Chapter 17. The Mechanics of Economic Discrimination as a Practical Problem 380 x. The Practical Problem 2. The Ignorance and Lack of Concern of Northern Whites 3. Migration Policy 4. The Regular Industrial Labor Market in the North 5. The Problem of Vocational Training 6. The Self-Perpetuating Color Bar 7. A Position of "Indifferent Equilibrium" 8. In the South Chapter 18. Pre-War Labor Market Controls and Their Conse- quences for the Negro 397 1. The Wages and Hours Law and the Dilemma of the Marginal Worker 2. Other Economic Policies 3. Labor Unions and the Negro 4. A Weak Movement Getting Strong Powers Chapter 19. The War Boom-and Thereafter 409 I. The Negro Wage Earner and the War Boom 2. A Closer View 3. Government Policy in Regard to the Negro in War Production 4. The Negro in the Armed Forces 5. ... And Afterwards? PART V. POLITICS Chapter 20. Underlying Factors 429 i. The Negro in American Politics and as a Political Issue 2. The Wave of Democracy and the Need for Bureaucracy 3. The North and the South 4. The Southern Defense Ideology 5. The Reconstruction Amendments 6. Memories of Reconstruction 7. The Tradition of Illegality Chapter 21. Southern Conservatism and Liberalism 452 i. The "Solid South" 2. Southern Conservatism 3. Is the South Fascist? 4. The Changing South 5. Southern Liberalism Chapter 22. Political Practices Today 474 1. The Southern Political Scene 2. Southern Techniques for Disfranchising the Negroes 3. The Negro Vote in the South 4. The Negro in Northern Politics 5. What the Negro Gets Out of Politics Chapter 23. Trends and Possibilities 505 i. The Negro's Political Bargaining Power 2. The Negro's Party Allegiance 3. Negro Suffrage in the South as an Issue 4. An Unstable Situation 5. The Stake of the North 6. Practical Conclusions Volume II PART VI. JUSTICE Chapter 24. Inequality of Justice 523 i. Democracy and Justice 2. Relative Equality in the North 3. The Southern Heritage Chapter 25. The Police and Other Public Contacts 535 I. Local Petty Officials 2. The Southern Policeman 3. The Policeman in the Negro Neighborhood 4. Trends and Outlook 5. Another Type of Public Contact Chapter 26. Courts, Sentences and Prisons 547 1. The Southern Courts 2. Discrimination in Court 3. Sentences and Prisons 4. Trends and Outlook Chapter 27. Violence and Intimidation 558 x. The Pattern of Violence 2. Lynching 3. The Psychopathology of Lynching 4. Trends and Outlook 5. Riots PART VII. SOCIAL INEQUALITY Chapter 28. The Basis of Social Inequality ' 573 1. The Value Premise 2. The One-Sidedness of t6e System of Segregation 3. The Beginning of Slavery 4. The Jim Crow Laws 5. Beliefs Supporting Social Inequality 6. The Popular Theory of "No Social Equality" 7. Critical Evaluation of the "No Social Equality" Theory 8. Attitudes among Different Classes of Whites in the South 9. Social Segregation and Discrimination in the North Chapter 29. Patterns of Social Segregation and Discrimination 605 1. Facts and Beliefs Regarding Segregation and Discrimination 2. Segregation and Discrimination in Interpersonal Relations 3. Housing Segregation 4. Sanctions for Residential Segregation 5. The General Character of Institutional Segregation 6. Segregation in Specific Types of Institutions Chapter 30. Efects of Social Inequality 640 i. The Incidence of Social Inequality 2. Increasing Isolation 3. Interracial Contacts 4. The Factor of Ignorance 5. Present Dynamics PART VIII. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Chapter 31. Caste and Class 667 1. The Concepts "Caste" and "Class" 2. The "Meaning" of the Concepts "Caste" and "Class" 3. The Caste Struggle 4. Crossing the Caste Line Chapter 32. The Negro Class Structure 689 1. The Negro Class Order in the American Caste System 2. Caste Determines Class 3. Color and Class 4. The Classes in the Negro Community PART IX. LEADERSHIP AND CONCERTED ACTION Chapter 33. The American Pattern of Individual Leadership and Mass Passivity 709 1. "Intelligent Leadership" 2. "Community Leaders" 3. Mass Passivity 4. The Patterns Exemplified in Politics and throughout the American Social Structure Chapter 34. Accommodating Leadership 720 x. Leadership and Caste 2. The Interests of Whites and Negroes with Respect to Negro Leadership 3. In the North and on the National Scene 4. The "Glass Plate" 5. Accommodating Leadership and Class 6. Several Qualifications 7. Accommodating Leaders in the North 8. The Glamour Personalities Chapter 35. The Negro Protest 736 i. The Slave Revolts 2. The Negro Abolitionists and Reconstruction Politicians 3. The Tuskegee Compromise 4. The Spirit of Niagara and Harper's Ferry 5. The Protest Is Still Rising 6. The Shock of the First World War and the Post-War Crisis 7. The Garvey Movement 8. Post-War Radicalism among Negro Intellectuals 9. Negro History and Culture io. The Great Depression and the Second World War Chapter 36. The Protest Motive and Negro Personality 757 1. A Mental Reservation 2. The Struggle Against Defeatism 3. The Struggle for Balance 4. Negro Sensitiveness 5. Negro Aggression 6. Upper Class Reactions 7. The "Function" of Racial Solidarity Chapter 37. Compromise Leadership 768 1. The Daily Compromise 2. The Vulnerability of the Negro Leader 3. Impersonal Motives 4. The Protest Motive 5. The Double Role 6. Negro Leadership Techniques 7. Moral Consequences 8. Leadership Rivalry 9. Qualifications Io. In Southern Cities i1. In the North 12. On the National Scene Chapter 38. Negro Popular Theories 781 i. Instability 2. Negro Provincialism 3. The Thinking on the Negro Problem 4. Courting the "Best People Among the Whites" 5. The Doctrine of Labor Solidarity 6. Some Critical Observations 7. The Pragmatic "Truth" of the Labor Solidarity Doctrine 8. "The Advantages of the Disadvantages" 9. Condoning Segregation io. Boosting Negro Business i1. Criticism of Negro Business Chauvinism 12. "Back to Africa" 13. Miscellaneous Ideologies Chapter 39. Negro Improvement and Protest Organizations 8o10 1. A General American Pattern 2. Nationalist Movements 3. Business and Professional Organizations 4. The National Negro Congress Movement 5. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 6. The N.A.A.C.P. Branches 7. The N.A.A.C.P. National Office 8. The Strategy of the N.A.A.C.P. 9. Critique of the N.A.A.C.P. io. The Urban League 11. The Commission on Interracial Cooperation 12. The Negro Organizations during the War 13. Negro Strategy Chapter 40. The Negro Church 858 i. Non-Political Agencies for Negro Concerted Action 2. Some Historical Notes 3. The Negro Church and the General American Pattern of Religious Activity 4. A Segregated Church 5. Its Weakness 6. Trends and Outlook Chapter 41. The Negro School 879 I. Negro Education as Concerted Action 2. Education in American Thought and Life 3. The Development of Negro Education in the South 4. The Whites' Attitudes toward Negro Education 5. "Industrial" versus "Classical" Education of Negroes 6. Negro Attitudes 7. Trends and Problems Chapter 42. The Negro Press 9o8 i. An Organ for the Negro Protest 2. The Growth of the Negro Press 3. Characteristics of the Negro Press 4. The Controls of the Negro Press 5. Outlook PART X. THE NEGRO COMMUNITY Chapter 43. Institutions 927 I. The Negro Community as a Pathological Form of an American Community 2. The Negro Family 3. The Negro Church in the Negro Community 4. The Negro School and Negro Education 5. Voluntary Associations Chapter 44. Non-Institutional Aspects of the Negro Community 956 i. "Peculiarities" of Negro Culture and Personality 2. Crime 3. Mental Disorders and Suicide 4. Recreation 5. Negro Achievements PART XI. AN AMERICAN DILEMMA Chapter 45. America Again at the Crossroads in the Negro Problem 997 i. The Negro Problem and the War 2. Social Trends 3. The Decay of the Caste Theory 4. Negroes in the War Crisis 5. The War and the Whites 6. The North Moves Toward Equality 7. Tension in the South 8. International Aspects 9. Making the Peace io. America's Opportunity Appendix i. A Methodological Note on Valuations and Beliefs 1027 i. The Mechanism of Rationalization 2. Theoretical Critique of the Concept "Mores" 3. Valuation Dynamics Appendix 2. A Methodological Note on Facts and Valuations in Social Science 1035 x. Biases in the Research on the American Negro Problem 2. Methods of Mitigating Biases in Social Science 3. The History and Logic of the Hidden Valuations in Social Science 4. The Points of View Adopted in This Book Appendix 3. A Methodological Note on the Principle of Cumu- lation o1065 Volume II PART VI. JUSTICE Chapter 24. Inequality of Justice 523 i. Democracy and Justice 2. Relative Equality in the North 3. The Southern Heritage Chapter 25. The Police and Other Public Contacts 535 I. Local Petty Officials 2. The Southern Policeman 3. The Policeman in the Negro Neighborhood 4. Trends and Outlook 5. Another Type of Public Contact Chapter 26. Courts, Sentences and Prisons 547 x. The Southern Courts 2. Discrimination in Court 3. Sentences and Prisons 4. Trends and Outlook Chapter 27. Violence and Intimidation 558 1. The Pattern of Violence 2. Lynching 3. The Psychopathology of Lynching 4. Trends and Outlook 5. Riots PART VII. SOCIAL INEQUALITY Chapter 28. The Basis of Social Inequality 573 1. The Value Premise 2. The One-Sidedness of the System of Segregation 3. The Beginning of Slavery V 4. The Jim Crow Laws 5. Beliefs Supporting Social Inequality 6. The Popular Theory of "No Social Equality" 7. Critical Evaluation of the "No Social Equality" Theory 8. Attitudes among Different Classes of Whites in the South 9. Social Segregation and Discrimination in the North Chapter 29. Patterns of Social Segregation and Discrimination 605 1. Facts and Beliefs Regarding Segregation and Discrimination 2. Segregation and Discrimination in Interpersonal Relations 3. Housing Segregation 4. Sanctions for Residential Segregation 5. The General Character of Institutional Segregation 6. Segregation in Specific Types of Institutions Chapter 30. Efects of Social Inequality 640 1. The Incidence of Social Inequality 2. Increasing Isolation 3. Interracial Contacts 4. The Factor of Ignorance 5. Present Dynamics PART VIII. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Chapter 31. Caste and Class 667 I. The Concepts "Caste" and "Class" 2. The "Meaning" of the Concepts "Caste" and "Class" 3. The Caste Struggle 4. Crossing the Caste Line Chapter 32. The Negro Class Structure 689 1. The Negro Class Order in the American Caste System 2. Caste Determines Class 3. Color and Class 4. The Classes in the Negro Community PART IX. LEADERSHIP AND CONCERTED ACTION Chapter 33. The American Pattern of Individual Leadership and Mass Passivity 709 1. "Intelligent Leadership" 2. "Community Leaders" 3. Mass Passivity 4. The Patterns Exemplified in Politics and throughout the American Social Structure Chapter 34. Accommodating Leadership 720 1. Leadership and Caste 2. The Interests of Whites and Negroes with Respect to Negro Leadership 3. In the North and on the National Scene 4. The "Glass Plate" 5. Accommodating Leadership and Class 6. Several Qualifications 7. Accommodating Leaders in the North 8. The Glamour Personalities Chapter 35. The Negro Protest 736 i. The Slave Revolts 2. The Negro Abolitionists and Reconstruction Politicians 3. The Tuskegee Compromise 4. The Spirit of Niagara.and Harper's Ferry 5. The Protest Is Still Rising 6. The Shock of the First World War and the Post-War Crisis 7. The Garvey Movement 8. Post-War Radicalism among Negro Intellectuals 9. Negro History and Culture o10. The Great Depression and the Second World War Chapter 36. The Protest Motive and Negro Personality 757 i. A Mental Reservation 2. The Struggle Against Defeatism 3. The Struggle for Balance 4. Negro Sensitiveness 5. Negro Aggression 6. Upper Class Reactions 7. The "Function" of Racial Solidarity Chapter 37. Compromise Leadership 768 i. The Daily Compromise 2. The Vulnerability of the Negro Leader 3. Impersonal Motives 4. The Protest Motive 5. The Double Role 6. Negro Leadership Techniques 7. Moral Consequences 8. Leadership Rivalry 9. Qualifications io. In Southern Cities i1. In the North 12. On the National Scene Chapter 38. Negro Popular Theories 781 x. Instability 2. Negro Provincialism 3. The Thinking on the Negro Problem 4. Courting the "Best People Among the Whites" 5. The Doctrine of Labor Solidarity 6. Some Critical Observations 7. The Pragmatic "Truth" of the Labor Solidarity Doctrine 8. "The Advantages of the Disadvantages" 9. Condoning Segregation io. Boosting Negro Business I1. Criticism of Negro Business Chauvinism 12. "Back to Africa" 13. Miscellaneous Ideologies Chapter 39. Negro Improvement and Protest Organizations 810o i. A General American Pattern 2. Nationalist Movements 3. Business and Professional Organizations 4. The National Negro Congress Movement 5. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 6. The N.A.A.C.P. Branches 7. The N.A.A.C.P. National Office 8. The Strategy of the N.A.A.C.P. 9. Critique of the N.A.A.C.P. io. The Urban League 11. The Commission on Interracial Cooperation 12. The Negro Organizations during the War 13. Negro Strategy Chapter 40. The Negro Church 858 I. Non-Political Agencies for Negro Concerted Action 2. Some Historical Notes 3. The Negro Church and the General American Pattern of Religious Activity 4. A Segregated Church 5. Its .Weakness 6. Trends and Outlook Chapter 41. The Negro School 879 1. Negro Education as Concerted Action 2. Education in American Thought and Life 3. The Development of Negro Education in the South 4. The Whites' Attitudes toward Negro Education 5. "Industrial" versus "Classical" Education of Negroes 6. Negro Attitudes 7. Trends and Problems Chapter 42. The Negro Press 908 i. An Organ for the Negro Protest 2. The Growth of the Negro Press 3. Characteristics of the Negro Press 4. The Controls of the Negro Press 5. Outlook PART X. THE NEGRO COMMUNITY Chapter 43. Institutions 927 i. The Negro Community as a Pathological Form of an American Community 2. The Negro Family 3. The Negro Church in the Negro Community 4. The Negro School and Negro Education 5. Voluntary Associations Chapter 44. Non-Institutional Aspects of the Negro Community 956 1. "Peculiarities" of Negro Culture and Personality 2. Crime 3. Mental Disorders and Suicide 4. Recreation 5. Negro Achievements PART XI. AN AMERICAN DILEMMA Chapter 45. America Again at the Crossroads in the Negro Problem 997 1. The Negro Problem and the War 2. Social Trends 3. The Decay of the Caste Theory 4. Negroes in the War Crisis 5. The War and the Whites 6. The North Moves Toward Equality 7. Tension in the South 8. International Aspects 9. Making the Peace io. America's Opportunity Appendix i. A Methodological Note on Valuations and Beliefs 1027 I. The Mechanism of Rationalization 2. Theoretical Critique of the Concept "Mores" 3. Valuation Dynamics Appendix 2. A Methodological Note on Facts and Valuations in Social Science 1035 i. Biases in the Research on the American Negro Problem 2. Methods of Mitigating Biases in Social Science 3. The History and Logic of the Hidden Valuations in Social Science 4. The Points of View Adopted in This Book Appendix 3. A Methodological Note on the Principle of Cumu- lation 1065 Appendix 4. Note on the Meaning of Regional Terms as Used in This Book 1071 Appendix 5. A Parallel to the Negro Problem 1073 Appendix 6. Pre-War Conditions of the Negro Wage Earner in Selected Industries and Occupations 1079 1. General Characteristics of Negro Jobs 2. Domestic Service 3. Other Service Occupations 4. Turpentine Farms 5. Lumber 6. The Fertilizer Industry 7. Longshore Work 8. Building Workers 9. Railroad Workers o10. Tobacco Workers 11. Textile Workers 12. Coal Miners 13. Iron and Steel Workers 14. Automobile Workers 15. The Slaughtering and Meat Packing Industry Appendix 7. Distribution of Negro Residences in Selected Cities I I125 Appendix 8. Research on Caste and Class in a Negro Com- munity 1129 Appendix 9. Research on Negro Leadership 1133 Appendix 10. Quantitative Studies of Race Attitudes I 136 1. Existing Studies of Race Attitudes 2. The Empirical Study of Valuations and Beliefs 3. "Personal" and "Political" Opinions 4. The Practical Study of Race Prejudice List of Books, Pamphlets, Periodicals, and Other Material Re- ferred to in This Book 1144 Numbered Footnotes I181 Index 144T