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1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of Material Failure 2 1.3 Design and Materials Selection 10 1.4 Technological Challenge 16 1.5 Economic Importance of Fracture 18 1.6 Summary 19 References 20 Problems and Questions 20 2 Structure and Deformation in Materials 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Bonding in Solids 25 2.3 Structure in Crystalline Materials 29 2.4 Elastic Deformation and Theoretical Strength 33 2.5 Inelastic Deformation 38 2.6 Summary 44 References 45 Problems and Questions 46 3 A Survey of Engineering Materials 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Alloying and Processing of Metals 49 3.3 Irons and Steels 55 3.4 Nonferrous Metals 63 3.5 Polymers 67 3.6 Ceramics and Glasses 77 3.7 Composite Materials 83 3.8 Materials Selection for Engineering Components 88 3.9 Summary 94 References 96 Problems and Questions 97 4 Mechanical Testing: Tension Test and Other Basic Tests 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Introduction to Tension Test 106 4.3 Engineering Stress-Strain Properties 111 4.4 Trends in Tensile Behavior 120 4.5 True Stress-Strain Interpretation of Tension Test 126 4.6 Compression Test 135 4.7 Hardness Tests 140 4.8 Notch-Impact Tests 147 4.9 Bending and Torsion Tests 152 4.10 Summary 158 References 159 Problems and Questions 160 5 Stress-Strain Relationships and Behavior 171 5.1 Introduction 171 5.2 Models for Deformation Behavior 172 5.3 Elastic Deformation 182 5.4 Anisotropic Materials 195 5.5 Summary 204 .References 206 Problems and Questions 206 6 Review of Complex and Principal States of Stress and Strain 214 6.1 Introduction 214 6.2 Plane Stress 215 6.3 Principal Stresses and the Maximum Shear Stress 225 6.4 Three-Dimensional States of Stress 233 6.5 Stresses on the Octahedral Planes 240 6.6 Complex States of Strain 242 6.7 Summary 247 References 249 Problems and Questions 249 7 Yielding and Fracture under Combined Stresses 254 7.1 Introduction 254 7.2 General Form of Failure Criteria 256 7.3 Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criterion 258 7.4 Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion 261 7.5 Octahedral Shear Stress Yield Criterion 267 7.6 Discussion of the Basic Failure Criteria 274 7.7 Coulomb-Mohr Fracture Criterion 280 7.8 Modified Mohr Fracture Criterion 290 7.9 Additional Comments on Failure Criteria 297 7.10 Summary 300 References 301 Problems and Questions 302 8 Fracture of Cracked Members 312 8.1 Introduction 312 8.2 Preliminary Discussion 315 8.3 Mathematical Concepts 322 8.4 Application of K to Design and Analysis 326 8.5 Additional Topics on Application of K 337 8.6 Fracture Toughness Values and Trends 349 8.7 Plastic Zone Size, and Plasticity Limitations on LEFM 359 8.8 Discussion of Fracture Toughness Testing 368 8.9 Extensions of Fracture Mechanics Beyond Linear Elasticity 369 8.10 Summary 376 References 379 Problems and Questions 380 9 Fatigue of Materials: Introduction and Stress-Based Approach 391 9.1 Introduction 391 9.2 Definitions and Concepts 393 9.3 Sources of Cyclic Loading 404 9.4 Fatigue Testing 405 9.5 The Physical Nature of Fatigue Damage 410 9.6 Trends in S-N Curves 413 9.7 Mean Stresses 426 9.8 Multiaxial Stresses 438 9.9 Variable Amplitude Loading 443 9.10 Summary 453 References 454 Problems and Questions 456 10 Stress-Based Approach to Fatigue: Notched Members 466 10.1 Introduction 466 10.2 Notch Effects 468 10.3 Notch Sensitivity and Empirical Estimates of kf 472 10.4 Estimating Long-Life Fatigue Strengths (Fatigue Limits) 476 10.5 Notch Effects at Intermediate and Short Lives 481 10.6 Combined Effects of Notches and Mean Stress 484 10.7 Estimating S-N Curves 494 10.8 Use of Component S-N Data 502 10.9 Designing to Avoid Fatigue Failure 510 10.10 Discussion 516 10.11 Summary 517 References 519 Problems and Questions 520 11 Fatigue Crack Growth 535 11.1 Introduction 535 11.2 Preliminary Discussion 536 11.3 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing 544 11.4 Effects of R = Smin/Smax on Fatigue Crack Growth 549 11.5 Trends in Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior 559 11.6 Life Estimates for Constant Amplitude Loading 565 11.7 Life Estimates for Variable Amplitude Loading 576 11.8 Design Considerations 582 11.9 Plasticity Aspects and Limitations of LEFM for Fatigue Crack Growth 584 11.10 Environmental Crack Growth 591 11.11 Summary 596 References 598 Problems and Questions 599 12 Plastic Deformation Behavior and Models for Materials 612 12.1 Introduction 612 12.2 Stress-Strain Curves 615 12.3 Three-Dimensional Stress-Strain Relationships 623 12.4 Unloading and Cyclic Loading Behavior from Rheological Models 631 12.5 Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of Real Materials 639 12.6 Summary 652 References 654 Problems and Questions 655 13 Stress-Strain Analysis of Plastically Deforming Members 664 13.1 Introduction 664 13.2 Plasticity in Bending 665 13.3 Residual Stresses and Strains for Bending 674 13.4 Plasticity of Circular Shafts in Torsion 678 13.5 Notched Members 681 13.6 Cyclic Loading 693 13.7 Summary 704 References 705 Problems and Questions 706 14 Strain-Based Approach to Fatigue 715 14.1 Introduction 715 14.2 Strain Versus Life Curves 718 14.3 Mean Stress Effects 728 14.4 Multiaxial Stress Effects 736 14.5 Life Estimates for Structural Components 740 14.6 Discussion 750 14.7 Summary 758 References 759 Problems and Questions 760 15 Time-Dependent Behavior: Creep and Damping 772 15.1 Introduction 772 15.2 Creep Testing 774 15.3 Physical Mechanisms of Creep 779 15.4 Time-Temperature Parameters and Life Estimates 790 15.5 Creep Failure under Varying Stress 802 15.6 Stress-Strain-Time Relationships 804 15.7 Creep Deformation under Varying Stress 810 15.8 Creep under Multiaxial Stress 817 15.9 Component Stress-Strain Analysis 820 15.10 Energy Dissipation (Damping) in Materials 825 15.11 Summary 834 References 836 Problems and Questions 837