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C ontext ......... ... . ... ..... . . .. .......... ... ....... 21 Status of renewable energy .......... . . ..... 22 Lessons earned ............ ... . . . ...... . 22 Support for RD&D ........... ..... . ... .......... . 23 Impact of past market and policy trends on renewable energy......... 28 Maturity of renewable energy technologies ............ ......... 29 Conclusions. ........... .... . ... ..... 33 References .. .... .. ................... .............. 34 Bioenergy ...... ..... ..... ........ ............................................. .................. 37 H ighlights 3............. ...................... 38 Introduction ................... .. ............ . 39 Current technology status ................. - .................... ... 40 Current RD & D ........... ........ ................... 43 Additional RD&D priorities . ............ ....... ................ . 48 C o nclusio ns....................................................................... ...... ............. ..... 49 Current activities of IEA Bioenergy Implementing Agreement .......... ........ . 50 References ......................... 52 Hydropower ...... ................................................................................ 55 H ighlights ...... ... ..... ............... . 56 Introduction ....................... ................ . 57 Current technology status ................. .............. .. ........ .... 58 C urrent RD & D .................. ................................ 59 Additional RD&D priorities .................. . ...... ......... 63 Costs and benefits of additional RD&D ................................... ............ 66 Current activities of IEA Hydropower Implementing Agreement .................. 69 References ..1..... ..·................ .... .. ....... ....... 70 Geothermal ........................................................................................... 71 Higigghts .... .................................................................................... 72 Introduction ................ . . .. .... ............ . 73 C urrent technology status .. ......... ..................................................................... 74 C urrent R D & D .... .................................................................................. 80 Additional RD&D priorities .. .................... . 82 Costs and benefits of additional RD&D........................................ ........... 83 Conclusions.......... ... .......... ................... 83 Current activities of IEA Geothermal Energy Implementing Agreement............ 84 References ........................... ....... 86 Windenergy.......................................................................................... 89 H ig i ghg hts ........................................................................................................ 9 0 Introduction ...... ............................ 9 Current technology status .......... ........... ..... ................... .. 92 Current RD &D ...... ..... . ........ . ............. 97 A dditional RD & D priorities . ............................................................................ 98 Costs and benefits of additional RD&D .....1................. ...... ..... .......... 103 Current activities of IEA Wind Energy Systems Implementing Agreement......... 103 R eferences ............................................................... ................ .................. 10 4 Pho tvotaics ......................................................................................... 107 H igh lights ........................ . ....................................... 108 Introduction ...... ..... .. .......... ...... .............. 109 Current technology status .................. ................... 1 C urrent RD & D .... ....................... ............. 118 Additional RD&D priorities ...............·..... ............ 124 Costs and benefits of additional RD&D ............... ...... ................. 128 Current activities of IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Implementing Agreement..... 134 References ... ...... ... ..... ........ ....... 135 Solar heating and cooling ...................................................................... 137 H igh ights ................................................ 138 Introduction . ...... ..... .......................... 139 Current technology status ................................... 140 C urrent R D & D ............ ............... ....... .......................................... ............... ...... 144 Additional RD&D priorities ................................ 145 Costs and benefits of additional RD&D ............................ .... ............... 148 Current activities of IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Implementing Agreement. 149 R eferences ................ ................................................................ ...... .............. 15 0 Concentratingsoarpower ................................................................ 1 51 H ig h lig h ts ....................... ........................................ ................................. 15 2 Intro d uctio n ............................................................................ ...... ....... 153 Current technology status ................................. 155 Current RD&D ............................. 1 57 A dditional RD & D priorities ..................................................... .............. ... 64 Costs and benefits of additional RD&D ...... ....6... ...... .............. ..... 167 Current activities of IEA SolarPACES Implementing Agreement .................... 168 References ..1.................. ........... 169 O cean energy systems ................. . ..................................................... 171 H ighlights ....................................... .... 172 Introduction ................................ 1 73 Current technology status .. ... .............. ....... ........... 174 Current RD&D .................;.... 1 75 Additional RD&D priorities .. .... ................. ........ ............ 76 Costs and benefits of additional RD&D ......... ... .... . . .... ............ 182 Current activities of IEA Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement...... 183 References .. .......... ......... ............... 183