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Chopter I Introduttion Cameroon: Globally Important Biodiversity, Material Poverty and Two Hundred Cultural Groups L Overview and Approach I IL Conceptual Context 3 HIl The Geographic, Ecological and Socio-Economic Context 8 Cameroon as Africa in Miniature: Biological Diversity, Cultural Diversity and Material Poverty IV. Framework of the Book 10 Chapter 2 15 Western Concepts of Economic Development and Environmental Conservation Meet African World Views and Ecosystems L Development and Culture 17 A. Western Views of Development and Culture 17 B. Early Concerns about the Western Development 21 Paradigm C. Taking Culture into Account: 23 Development Efforts in an African Context D, Independence, Culture and Development: 31 The First Two Decades IL Economic Development and the Growth of 34 the Environmental Movement A. The Creation of the Nationsa and International 34 Environmental Organizations (IGOs) B. Individual Actors and the Increasing Role of Non- 37 Governmental Organizations (NGOs) C. The Integration of IGO and NGO Activties and the 39 Advent of Sustainable Economic Development D. The Multiple Roles of the World Bank Group and the 41 International Monetary Fund (IMF) IL Local Cultures and Environmental Conservation 45 A. Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) 45 B. Ethnology meets Ecology 4 C. Fortress Conservation 49 D, Traditional Ecosystem Management Techniques 50 in Historic and Conteporary Settings E. Biological Diversity and Cultural Dvers ity 53 F. Local Cultural Concepts and Inclinations 55 IV. Community Participation in Local Projects 61 A. A Key Component of Successful Projects 61 B. Community Participation becomes Mainstream 64 C. Community and Participation as Complex and 65 Difficult Concepts D. Examples of Community Participathio Efforts in 66 Cameroon V. Environmental Histoir of Cameroon 69 A. Prehistory through the Early 1980s 69 B. The 1980s and 1990s: The IGOs and the Government of 71 Cameroon(GOC) C. The 1980s and 1990s: The NGOs, the GOC and the 72 Bilateral Agencies VI. Developmentl Culture and Environmental Conservation: 76 Early 21st Century Efforts at Analysis. Collaboration and Synthesis in Cameroon A. Recent International and Cameroonian Literature 76 B. Unresolved Contextual and Operational Issues 80 Chapter 3 Back to the Village: Designing and Implementing a Study to Give 93 Voice to Remote Rural Villagers L. The Selection of Cameroon, the Target Provinces, and the 94 Target Groups H. Research Methods 98 A. Mixed Methods Research 98 B. Quantitative Approach 100 C. Qualitative Approach 102 HL. Defining and Naming the Groups 103 IV. Survey Instrument Design and Pretest Summary 108 A. Survey Instrument Design 108 B. Pretest Summary 109 V. Survey Participation Summary for Urban Groups 112 A. Urban Westerner Group 112 B. Urban African Group 113 VL Rural African Group 14 A. Addressig Linguistic, Methodological Cultural and 14 Logistical Chalenges B. Securing a Research Base and Research Assistants 120 C. Classifying the Ecosystems and Choosing the Villages 121 D. Pretesting the Questionnaire in a Rura Village: Lessons 125 Learned VIL Qualitative Research Component 129 Chapter 4 133 Rural Africans, Urban Africans and Urban Westerners: Views of Development and Environmenta Conservation 1L Central Research Issue 134 1a. Summary of Survey Questions 135 111. Presentation and Methods 135 IV. Responses to the Survey Questions by the Three Groups 139 Question 1. What do you see as the three to five biggest 139 problems or challenges for Cameroon? Question 2. Pease identify, from your perspectiv the 154 three most important objectives for conserving the environment in Cameroon. Question 3. W hat are the best ways to meet your 159 objectives for conserving the environment in Cameroon Questions 4, 5, 6. What are the three most important roles 163 for each group? Question 7. What are the fite most important components 175 of a successful environmental conservation project in Cameroon? Question . What are the three most impo n iport measures 177 of success in evaluating an environmental conservation program in Cameroon' Question 9 What are the he three major obstacles to 181 successful environmental conservation projects in Cameroon? V. Comparisons within the Three Groups 184 A. Gender Based Comparisons of the Three Groups 184 B. Geography or Ecosystem Based Comparisons 190 VL. Summary of Findings 198 Chapter 5 205 C onclusons and Recommendations L General Study Conclusions 206 2. Specific Conclusions and Recommendations 210 A. Foundations for Progress in Conservation and 210 Development B. Persistent Problems in Conservatioa and Development 217 Postscript: A Discussion Proposal: Prioritizing Road Projects, 229 Conserving Biodiversity and Preparing Rural Communities for Change