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1 Introduction Problem Statement Methodology Historical Sociology of China 8 1he Methodological Obstacles 8 Methodology of Qualitative Research and Historical Research 10 The Evolution of Historical Sociology of China 11 Theory: Sociology of China 14 The Nature of Chinese Society: An Industrializing Agrarian Society and an East Asian Latecomer 14 The Embeddedness of Nation-Building China and Globalization 19 The United States and China 20 2 Chinese Social Stratification before 1949 27 China's Continuity and Unity 27 Chinese Social Stratification before 1949 33 Chinese Social Stratification before 1840 33 Chinese Social Stratification after 1840 35 China's National Civil Exaination before 1905 38 'The Cvil Service System before 1912 41 The Cadre System before 1949 47 3 Chinese Social Stratification and the Cadre System 1949-1959 53 The Intemrational and Domestic Political Economy 53 Chinese Social Stratification 1949-1959 54 The Revival of the National Examination System 56 The Origin of the Household Registration System 59 The Structure of the 1956 Model 60 Post 1956 Modification 63 Cadre Statistics 1949-1959 65 Chinese Social Stratification after 1959 71 4 Chinese Socia Stratification and the Cadre System 1959-1979 77 T he International and Domestic Political Economy 77 Chinese Social Statification 1959-1979 79 Cadre Statistics 1959-1979 83 Mao's Rationale for the Cultural Revolution 89 The Storm 92 The Modifications 95 Cancellation of the National Exam and the "Peasant-Worker-Soldier Studen" Ideal 95 Worker Substitution and Peasant Substiution 96 "May 7" Cadre Schools 96 "Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside' 97 Mao's Mistakes 97 5 Chinese Social Stratification and the Cadre System 1979-1993 10 The international and Domestic Political Economy 10 Chinese Social Stratification 1979-1993 103 The Structure of the 1985 System 105 Cadre Statistics 1979-1993 109 Deng's Critique of the Cadre System 115 The Cadre System in the Party and Government 116 The Cadre System in State Enterprises 18 State Professionals 119 College Graduates 122 Others 123 Chinese Social Stratification during the Tiananmen Event ( 989) 126 6 Chinese Social Stratification and the Cadre System after 1993 133 Deng Xiaoping's South China Tour 133 The International and Domestic Political Economy 134 Chinese Social Stratification after 1993 137 The 1993 Civil Service System 139 Cadre Staststics after 1993 145 Cadre in the State Enterprises 45 Cadre in the State Institutions 52 State Professionals 54 Cadre Recruiting 155 TaI nt Market 157 IThe Ten-Year Reform Plan of the Cadre System (2000-2010) 161 7 Vnderstanding Chinese Social Stratification: Three Main Aspects 165 The National UInversity Entance Examination 165 The Household Registration System 167 The Work nit 172 The Tasks of the Last Stage of the Chinese Revolution 181 limtinating the Social Apartheid 181 The Building of the National Social Security System 182 Iand Intensitication and the Mechanization of Agriculture 183 The Building of Compulsory Education and Education Market 184 8 Summary: Chinese Social Stratification after 1949 189 A Coherent and Consistent Picture of Chinese Social Stratification 189 he Decline of the Peasant C ss 191 he Making of the Chinese Working Class 195 Ihe Rise of the Chinese Capitalist Class 199 The Splitting off of the Cadre Class 205 Where is the Middle Clas ss? 211 he Party in the Chinese Social Stratification 213 Forese the Future of Chinese Social Stratification 219