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1. INTRODUCTION 1 1 Context 1 2 Objectives 2 3 Compensation methodology 2 4 Applications of the compensation methodology 2 5 Book organization 3 2. AUTOCALIBRATION AND COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES 5 1 Introduction 5 2 Matching 5 2.1 Matching rules 6 2.2 Matching parameters 6 3 Chopper stabilization 7 3.1 Principle 7 3.2 Analysis 8 3.3 Implementation 9 4 Autozero 11 4.1 Principle 11 4.2 Analysis 12 4.3 Noise 14 5 Correlated double sampling 18 6 Ping-pong 18 7 Other techniques 20 8 Classification 21 9 Conclusion 22 3. DIGITAL COMPENSATION CIRCUITS AND SUB-BINARY DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTERS 23 1 Introduction 23 2 Digital compensation 23 3 Successive approximations 24 3.1 Principle 25 3.2 Working condition 28 3.3 Reverse successive approximations algorithm 29 3.4 Complexity 31 4 Sub-binary radix DACs 31 4.1 Use of sub-binary DACs for successive approximations 31 4.2 Characteristics 32 4.3 Resolution 34 4.4 Tolerance to radix variations 34 5 Component arrays 35 5.1 Sizing 36 6 Current sources 38 6.1 Current-mirror DAC 39 7 R/2R ladders 40 8 Linear current division using MOS transistors 41 8.1 Principle 41 8.2 Second-order effects 45 8.3 Parallel configuration 45 8.4 Series configuration 46 9 M/2M ladders 48 9.1 Principle 48 9.2 Complementary ladder 49 9.3 Second-order effects 50 9.4 Trimming 51 10 R/xR ladders 51 10.1 Principle 51 10.2 Working condition 53 10.3 Terminator calculation 54 10.4 Terminator implementation 55 10.5 Ladder sizing 57 10.6 Terminator sizing 58 10.7 Radix 60 11 M/2+M ladders 62 11.1 M/3M ladders 62 11.2 M/2.5M ladders 64 11.3 Ladder selection and other M/2+M ladders 65 11.4 Current collector design 67 11.5 Complementary ladders 72 11.6 Layout 72 11.7 Measurements 73 12 Comparison 77 13 Linear DACs based on M/2+M converters 78 13.1 Principle 78 13.2 Calibration algorithm 81 13.3 Radix conversion algorithm 84 13.4 Digital circuit implementation 85 13.5 Analog circuit implementation 87 13.6 Compensation of temperature variations 90 13.7 Comparison with other self-calibrated converters 90 14 Conclusion 91 I. METHODOLOGY FOR CURRENT-MODE DIGITAL COMPENSATION OF ANALOG CIRCUITS 93 1 Introduction 93 2 Two-stage Miller operational amplifier 93 3 Compensation current technique 96 3.1 Detection configuration 97 3.2 Detection node 100 3.3 Compensation node 105 3.4 DAC resolution 113 3.5 Low-pass decision filtering 114 3.6 Continuous-time compensation 115 3.7 Up/down DAC 117 4 Simulation with digital compensation circuits 124 4.1 Principle 125 4.2 Automatic compensation component 126 4.3 Compensation component during adjustment 128 4.4 Compensation component during compensation 130 4.5 Multiple digital compensation 133 4.6 Example of implementation for PSpice 134 4.7 Offset compensation of the Miller amplifier 136 5 Application to SOI IT DRAM calibration 138 5.1 1-transistor SOI memory cell 139 5.2 Memory cell imperfections 140 5.3 Sensing scheme 141 5.4 Calibration principle 144 5.5 Calibration algorithm 146 5.6 Measurements 147 6 Conclusion 148 5. HALL MICROSYSTEM WITH CONTINUOUS DIGITAL GAIN CALIBRATION 151 1 Introduction 151 2 Integrated Hall sensors 151 2.1 Hall effect 152 2.2 Hall sensors 153 2.3 Hall sensor models 155 3 Spinning current technique 157 4 Sensitivity calibration of Hall sensors 160 4.1 Sensitivity drift of Hall sensors 161 4.2 Integrated reference coils 162 4.3 Sensitivity calibration 163 4.4 State of the art 166 5 Hall sensor microsystems 171 5.1 Analog front-ends for current measurement 171 6 Continuous digital gain calibration technique 173 6.1 Principle 173 6.2 Combined modulation scheme 175 6.3 Demodulation schemes 176 6.4 Gain compensation 179 6.5 Offset compensation 183 6.6 Noise filtering 184 6.7 Delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter 189 6.8 Rejection of signal interferences 193 7 Conclusion 197 6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HALL MICROSYSTEM WITH CONTINUOUS CALIBRATION 199 1 Introduction 199 2 Hall sensor array 199 3 Preamplifier 201 3.1 Programmable gain range preamplifier 201 3.2 DDA 202 3.3 Operational amplifier 207 4 Demodulators 208 4.1 Switched-capacitor integrators 209 4.2 External signal demodulator 213 4.3 Reference demodulator 216 4.4 Offset demodulator 220 5 Delta-sigma modulator 221 6 System improvements 224 6.1 Compensation of the reference demodulator offset 224 6.2 Coil-sensor capacitive coupling 225 6.3 External interferences 226 6.4 Alternate modulation/demodulation schemes 227 7 System integration 230 7.1 Configuration and measurement possibilities 230 7.2 Integrated circuit 231 7.3 Measurement results 233 8 Conclusion 240 7. CONCLUSION 241 1 Highlights 241 2 Main contributions 242 3 Perspectives 242