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Introduction to Ecological Principles 6 Ecosystems 7 Biotic Community 7 Ecological Dominants 11 Biomes 13 Ecological Niches 16 Limiting Factors 19 Limits of Tolerance 20 Energy Flow Through the Biosphere 21 Biogeochemical Cycling 27 Change in Ecosystems 30 2 Population Dynamics 39 Population Attributes 39 Population Growth Forms 40 Homeostatic Controls 42 Human Population Growth 43 Population Explosion 50 Urbanization 61 Population Projections 67 3 Population Control 72 Early Attempts at Family Limitation 72 Modem Family-Planning Movement 74 Birth Control-Its Health Impact 77 Contraceptive Safety 81 Family Planning in the Third World 85 Population Policy: Moving Beyond Birth Control 92 4 The People-Food Predicament 95 Factors Influencing Food Demand 96 Extent of Hunger 98 Causes of Hunger 99 Health Impact of Hunger 101 Prospects for Reducing World Hunger 109 5 Impacts of Growth on Ecosystems 124 Degradation of Land Resources 124 Loss of Biodiversity 144 6 Environmental Disease 162 Mutation 164 Birth Defects 169 Cancer 178 7 Toxic Substances 196 Testing for Toxicity 196 Assessing Health Risk 200 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 201 Dioxin (TCDD) 207 Asbestos 210 Lead 218 Mercury 225 8 Pests and Pesticides 234 What Is a Pest? 234 Problems Caused by Pests 235 Pest Control 245 Environmental Impact of Pesticide Use 252 Hazards to Human Health 258 Alternatives to Chemical Pest Control 266 9 Food Quality 275 Food Contaminants 277 Food Additives 285 Foodborne Disease 288 Preventing Foodborne Disease 300 10 Radiation 309 Ionizing Radiation 310 Ultraviolet Radiation 346 Microwaves 350 Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) 350 I I The Atmosphere 358 Composition of the Atmosphere 359 Human Impact on the Earth-Atmosphere System 363 Rising Levels of Atmospheric CO2-Moving toward a Warmer World? 369 Impacts of Global Warming 373 The Greenhouse Policy Debate 380 12 Air Pollution 391 Sources of Air Pollution 392 Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health 398 Pollution Control Efforts-The Clean Air Act 402 Global Air Quality Trends 411 Acid Deposition 415 Indoor Air Pollution 425 13 Noise Pollution 439 Sources of Noise 439 Noise as a Nuisance 440 Nature of Sound 444 Noise and Hearing Loss 445 Other Effects of Noise 448 Noise Control Efforts 453 14 Water Resources 458 Hydrologic Cycle 458 Water Quantity and Health 459 Water Supply: Our Next Crisis? 462 Groundwater 466 Water Management: Increasing Supply versus Reducing Demand 473 15 Water Pollution 485 Controlling Water Pollution: The Clean Water Act 485 Sources of Water Pollution 487 Municipal Sewage Treatment 496 New Approaches to Wastewater Treatment 508 Septic Systems 511 Industrial Discharges 511 Water Pollution and Health 518 Looking Ahead 533 16 Solid and Hazardous Wastes 536 Waste Disposal-A Brief History 536 Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) 537 Current Waste Disposal Alternatives 539 Hazardous Wastes 562 Hazardous Waste Management Legislation: RCRA 578