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Peter & Othmaan: Zanzibar and the Union vi TABE OF CONTENTS Dedication Acknowledgements About ZLSC ........................... .... .. ........... ........... i About the Authors................................... ... ................... iv Preface..... ...... ................. ................................................ v Table of Statues............................ .................... ......... x Table of Cases ..................................... .................... ..... xii Abbreviations .......... ...... ..... ......... ...................... .......... xiv CHAPTER ONE: The Union and the Zanzibar Constitutions Abubakar Khamis Bakaty 1.0 Introduction............................................................ 1 1.1 The Union ....................... ............. ................... . I 1.2 The Articles of the Union ...... ............................. 2 1.2.1 Supremacy............................................. ..... 2 1.2.2 Ratification. ..................... .......................... 3 1.2.3 Acquiescence.......................................... 8 1.3 The Constitution of the United Republic................ 9 1.3.1 The Union is Falling Apart!........................... 9 1.3.2 One plus one is equal to two?..................... 18 1.3.3 The Nature and Form of the Union Govenment that was Envisaged ................. 19 1.3.4 The Federal Structure of the 1977 Constitution ....... ..... .......... .... ........... ... ........ . 25 1.4 Lessons from Our Court of Appeal................... . 27 1.5 W hat of the Future?..... ............... ...................... 30 CHAPTER TWO:Tanzania: The Withering Away of the Union? Haroub Othman 2.0 Historical Links ... ... .......................... ............ ..... . 34 2.1 Political Relations.................................... ... 35 Peter & Othman: Zanzibar and the Union Question Vii 2.2 Independence of Tanganyika: The ecca of Africa's Liberation Emerges........... 39 2.3 Tanganyika as a Political Issue in Zanzibar: The Mainlanders are Coming............................... 40 2.4 Zanzibar's Independence: Arab Dynasty Legitimised.... ..... .......... ............................ 41 2.5 The Revolution: Class Struggle or Racial War?... 43 2.6 Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar: African Initiative or Cold War Rivaly?................ 45 2.7 Legitimacy of the Union: The Absence of the Attorney-General and the Question of a Referendum................. ........... 50 2.8 Articles of Union 1+1 =3... ................. ............. . 52 2.9 The Consolidation of the Union: Popular Approval of the Swallowing Up.............. 56 2.10 Zanzibar's Identity in the Union................ ..... 58 2.11 Debateson the Union: "The Polluted Political Atmosphere".,................ ...................... 61 2.12 Nyalali Commission on the Union: Agreed to Disagree..... ....... ... . ... ................ ........ .......... 64 2.13 Conclusion: Whither the Union?................... 67 CHAPTER TIHREE: The Consolidation of the Union: A Basic Re-Appraisal Wolfgang Dourado 3.0 Union of Two Presidents?...................................... 73 3.1 Nature of the Union Confusing?............................. 77 3.2 Mainlanders and Zanzibaris Expressing their Views for the First Time....................... ............... 79 3.3 Analysis of the Articles of the Union...................... 80 3.4 Final Arbiter: NEC or Constitutional Court............ 84 3.5 The Union Acting for Tanganyika?......................... 87 3.6 The 1977 Constitution and the Articles of the Union....... 89 3.7 Party Supremacy: A Reality or Fiction?................. 92 Peter & Otlla Zanzibar and the Union Question iii 3.8 Taking into Account the Wishes of Zanzibaris on th Union Importan .. ......................................... 99 3.9 Need to Implement the Articles of the Union Faithfully........ . ............. .......................... ...... 102 3.10 What NEC Forgot to Mention - Safeguarding Human Rights ......................................................... 105 CHAPTER FOUR: The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar and the Right of Secession under International Law Mahadhi Juma Maalir 4.0 Introduction ....... ............. ................................ .. 109 4.1 PART ONE: Secession under International Law.... 110 4.1.1 Secession from Federation or Voluntary entered Union ...... . ...... ......................... . 117 4.2 PART TWO: Background to the Union and the Quest for Secession.................................... . ....... 124 4.2.1 Calls for Zanzibar Secession .................-...... 129 4.3 PART THREE: Is Zanzibar Entitled to Secede under International Law?.. ............................... 132 4.3.1 Legitimisation of Secession: From Legality to Legitim acy................................................. 135 4.3.1.1 Distinct People................................. . 140 4.3.1.2 The territory came to be controlled through some unjustifiable historical event...... .................. ...... 141 4.3.1.3 Expression of the will of the people through referendum or election......... 143 4.3.1.4 The existence of serious human rights violation and denial of proper participation in government of the State............................................. 144 4.4 PART FOUR: Secession under National/ M unicipal Law .......................... ....... 149 4.5 PART FIVE: Conclusion ........................................ 156 CHAPTER FIVE: Sovereignty and Statehood in Zanzibar in the Union: Critical Comments on S.M.Z v MachanoK hamis Ali & 17 Others Issa G. Shivji 5.0 By way of a Preface...... ............ ........................ 162 5.1 Some Peculiar Features.. .......... .............. .... ...... 163 5.1.1 Assumption of Jurisdiction........................... 163 5.1.2 The High Court's Ruling not flly Considered. 168 5.1.3 The Constitution of Zanzibar not Referred... 170 5.2 The Analysis................................................... ....... 171 5.2.1 The A pproac ................................................ 171 5.2.2 Critique from the internal Standpoint......... 172 5.2.2.1 Part One: Whether Zanzibar is a State and/or Sovereign.................... 173 5.2.2.2 Part Two: The Classification of Treason........................................... 182 5.2.3 The Standpoint of the Zanzibar Constitution........................................ ... 184 5.3 Concluding Ironies.............. .......................... 186 ANNEXTURES (a). Court of Appeal of Tanzania: S.MZ v. Machano Khamis Ali & 17 Others................ 188 (b).High Court of Zanzibar: S.MZ v. Machano Khamis Ali & 17 Others.................................. 214 SELECTED REFERENCES,........ ...................... 233 ARTICLES OF THE UNION ......................... ......... 239