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Table of Contents: List of Tables .................. ........... ....... .................. .. ......... ....... vii List of Acronyms ................................................................................*- x Forward .......................... ...................-- . ................ ..... "...... ".............. x CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Human Rights and the Search for Peace in Karamoja................................ 1 1.1 Background to the Study........................................... 1 1.2 The Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC)...... .........................2 1.3 Objectives of the Study..................... ............ ... ...... ........ . .. .. ....2 1.4 Methodology ................ ....-- - - ....................... ............... 4 1.5 The Geographical Location and Demographic Features of Karamoja........ 5 1.6 The Environmental Characteristics........ .. ................................ ..............8 1.7 The Livelihood and Survival Patterns in Karamoja..........................-9 1.8 Karamoja Resource Base........ ................. ..........-...-... ...... . . -9 1.9 Traditional and Cultural Beliefs........ ........... ...................... ... 11 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 The Historical Mapping of Lawleness and Conflict in Karamoja..................13 2.1 The Political and Administrative Influences.................... ........ .. ......... 13 2.2 The levels of Conflict in Karamoja............. .......... ...... ..................... 14 2.2.1 Intra-Clani Conflict in Karamoja....................- ..... ......... .. ... ............. 16 2.2.2 Conflict Between the State Organs and the Karimojong...........................19 2.2.3 Cross-District Conflict.......................................-.--.. .....21 2.2.4 Cross Border Conflict Between Uganda and Kenya.......... ..... ...........24 2.3 The Dynamics of the Raids in Karamoja ... ..................................-. ....25 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 The Culture of Guns and Small arms Proliferation in Karamoja .................27 3.1 The Traditional Raids in Karam oja.................................... ................ 27 3.2 The Introduction of the Gun in Karamoja ................................. .......28 3.3 The Forms of Raids and Cattle Theft............................................... ........30 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 The impact of the Raids in Karamoja............................................... 33 4.1 Occurrence of the Raids....... ... ............. ............. .............. .......... 33 4.2 Changes in the Demographic Figures and Structure............. ......... ...33 4.3 The Presence of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)............................... ...34 4.4 Health Considerations................................................................36 4.5 Disruption in Lifestyles.................................... ...................................36 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 The Uganda Government Policy on Karamoja................ ................38 5.1 Lack of Effective Policy Guidelines......................... ........................... 38 5.2 The Administration of Justice in Karamaja.................... ................ 39 CHAPTER SIX 6.0 Towards Peace in Karamoja Current Intiatives and Experiences.................42 6.1 The Initiatives by the Government of Uganda ..........;........................ ...42 6.2 Initiatives by the Uganda Human Rights Commission..........................42 6.3 The UHRC Working Together with other Stakeholders.........................43 6.4 The December 2001 to January 2002 Sensitisation Process......................... 49 6.5 The Population Covered by the Sensitisation Campaign......................55 6.6 The Local Community Initiatives......................... ................... ...... 56 6.7 Peace Initiatives by Civil Society Organisations................................... 57 6.8 Local Government Peace Initiatives....... ........................ ..................58 CHAPTER SEVEN 7.0 The Karamoja Disarmament Programme........................................ ...60 7.1 The History of Disarmament in Karamoja............... ........................... 60 7.2 Initial Disarm am ent Efforts.......... ................... ......................... .......64 7.3 The Voluntary Disarmament 2000-2002 ............................................67 7.4 Evaluation of the Disarmament Programme........................................... 74 7.5 The stalling of the Disarmament ............. ........ ....-.................. - -76 7.6 Effects of the failed disarm am ent........... ...... .... .......................... * 82 CHAPTER EIGHT 8.0 The Future of Disarmament in Karamoja............ ...... ........... .... ...... 81 8.1 The W ay Forward. .................................. ..................... 81 8.2 Reconmmendations to Improve the Disarmament Programmes.... ..............82 8.3 Civil M ilitary Coordination Centres .............................................. ......83 CHAPTER NINE 9.0 Challenges in the Disarmament Programme ................ .....-- . ..... 86 9.1 Poor Commnunity Mobilisation and Participation................86 9.2 Lack of Coherent and Clearly Laid Down Procedures....................................86 9.3 Lack of Financial and Logistical Support for the Implementers ...............87 9.4 The Delay in Handing out Crtificates of Compliance........... ....... 87 9.5 The Inappropriateness of the 'Token of Appreciation'.......................... 88 9.6 The Lack of Effective Governance at the Grassroots............................. 90 9.7 The Role of the Diviners.................. . ... . ........ . .... ... ......... ....... .. 90 9.8 The Participation of the Local Leaders................................. ...... .............90 CHAPTER TEN 10.0 The Recruitment and Deployment of Security Agents ............................. 92 10.1 Justification for the Recruitment..................................... .. .. 92 10.2 The Recruitment of the 'Vigilantes' in Karamoja............................... 92 10.3 The Recruitment of the LDUs in the Disarmament Programme ................94 10.4 The Discipline of the UPDF Soldiers.............................. ..... 95 CHAPTER ELEVEN 11.0 The Underlying Human Rights Concerns in the Programme ............. 96 11.1 Human Rights and Disarmament ......................... ..................... 96 11.2 Xenophobia .. . ........... ......... ............ . ..... . . ...- --- -.. ...... 96 11.3 Loss of Life........................ .. ........ .........-. -* * - ** -.. -96."-". 11.4 Loss of Property ....... ........ .......................-... .......... 98 11.5 Torture, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment............................... .... 99 11.6 Poverty and the Low Standard of Living................................. ...100 11.7 Lack of Access to Health Services and Low Literacy Rates .'*'* ............. 101 11.8 Lack of Access to Clean Water and Housing ................................... ...102 11.9 Envirornental Degradation and Poor Food Security ........................103 CHAPTER TWELVE 12.0 Reflections on the Approach and Lessons Learnt............................1...05 12.1 Negotiations rather than Coercion..............................................105 12.2 Involvement of Different Stakeholders in the Sensitisation .......................106 12.3 Human Rights Education for the Military................... ........ ...........106 CHAPTER THIRTEEN 13.0 Recommendations for the Way Forward................ .............. .......... 110 13,1 The Government's Central Role...... ....... .... ................ ...... . ...... 110 13.2 Recommendations to other Stakeholders........................................112 CHAPTER FOURTEEN 14.0 Conclusions ............................................... . ..... .......... ... ............... 114 14.1 Avenue for Change and Development ................. ...... ......1.3.14 14.2 Development of the M ining Centres................................................115 14.3 Improvement of the Education System....................... .................1.. 15 14.4 Re-establishment of the Rule of Law . ............ .. ....... ....... ........... .......116 14.5 Environmental Management and Resource Use........ ................................117 Appendix 1: NGOs w orking in Karam oja...................................................................120 Appendix 2: AST/LDU operations for the recovery of stolen livestock and disarmament in Moroto and Nakapiripirit Districts. ......................123