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General introduction ....................................... ...................................... 1 1. Science, technology and agriculture .............................. 1 2. Assessing the impact of agricultural research ................ 2 3. Economic policies and agriculture................................................................................... 3 4. Agricultural research and extension in Tanzania: past and present..................................... 4 4.1 Policy and institutional set up..................................... 4 4.2 Carrying out agricultural research and extension.......................................................... 5. The study areas ................................................. 9 6. Choice and use of analytical frameworks............................ .. ............................ 10 7. Main findings of the study................................................ ...................................... 10 8. Outline of the dissertation.............................................. ........................................... 11 References....................................................................................................................... 12 A review of impact studies of agricultural research in Tanzania ........................................... 17 Abstract.............................................................................................................................. 17 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 17 2. Agricultural research and extension systems in Tanzania............................. .............. 18 3. Agricultural research in Southern Highlands and Eastern Zones...................................... 21 4. Impact assessment in agricultural research: state of the art..................................... ....24 4.1 Agricultural research and poverty reduction .............................................................25 4.2 Impact assessment in agricultural research in Tanzania............................. .............26 4.2.1 The Programmes...................................................................................................26 4.2.1.1 Adoption of innovations and their impact on crop yield............................... 27 4.2.1.2 Economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts................................... 30 5. Conclusive remarks .............................................................................................................. 34 References................................................... ...................................... ............................. 35 Beyond adoption-rejection of agricultural innovations: empirical evidence from smallholder rice farmers in Tanzania .................................................................................................... 40 Abstract................................ ...................................................................................... 40 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 40 2. Background....................................................................................................................41 3. Methodology..................................................................................................................42 3.1 Study areas....................................................... ......................................................42 3.2 Data sources.........................................................................................................45 3.3 Data analysis................................. .......... ................................................. 46 4. Results and discussion......................................................................................................... 47 4.1 Description of sample households................................... .........................................47 4.2 Rice varieties ............................................... ............................................................48 4.3 Adoption of innovations .......................................................................................... 50 4.4 Factors affecting adoption of innovations in rice farming............................ ........... 52 4.5 Use of innovations: transcending adoption-rejection dichotomy ........................... ... 54 5. Conclusion............................... ........ .................................. ........................... 57 References..................................... .................................................................................... 58 Rice for food and income: assessing the impact of rice research on food security in Kyela and Kilombero Districts of Tanzania .................................. .............. ................................. 63 Abstract..................... ........ .. .... ..... ................ .... ...................... ........ 63. 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................... 63 2. Analytical framework.............................. ....................................................................... 64 3. Rice research programmes in Tanzania.................................... .......................... 66 4. Study areas and context ................................................................................................. 67 5. Data sources....................................... .. ..... ... ........................................................ 68 6. Results and discussion ......................................................... ..................................... 68 6.1 Perceptions of food security ................................................................................... 68 6.2 Adoption of innovations in rice farming ................................................................................ 69 6.3 Rice production and consumption.................................. ............................. 72 6.4 Rice research and food security........................... ............................. ........................... 74 7. Conclusion .......................................... ....... ................................................ . ............ 77 References.............................. ..... ............. ...... .. ....................................................79 An ex-post impact study on the economic costs and benefits of rice research in Tanzania.... 86 Abstract................................ . . . ....... .. ............... ... ...... .............. . ............. 86 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 86 2. Rice cultivation in Tanzania .......................................................................................... 87 3. Rice research in Tanzania............................................................................................. 88 4. Methodologies for estimating rates of return of agricultural research ............................. 89 5. Empirical studies on rates of return (ROR) to agricultural research ............................... 89 6. Data .............................................. . . ................ ... ..................................................... 90 7. Trends in rice production, area and yield ............................................................... ..........91 8. Rice production in sample village ........................................ .......................................92 9. Assessing returns to rice research.............................................................................93 10.Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 97 References.............................................................................................................................. 98