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SECTION ONE INDICATORS OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION Chapter One Prerequisites for Democratic Consolidation in Kenya Gichira Kibara Introduction --------------------------------------7 Indicators of Democracy -----------------------------9 Current System of Government: A Democratic Audit --------11 What Went Wrong? --------------------------------14 The Way Forward ---------------------------------18 Conclusion --------------------------------------29 Chapter Two Prerequisites for Democratic Consolidation in Tanzania M. Bakari and S. S. Mushi Introduction -------------------------------------31 Democratic Consolidation in the Theoretical Literature ------ 32 Democratic Consolidation: Our Perspectives --------------35 Outcomes and Indicators of Consolidation --------------- 37 Extent of Democratic Consolidation in Tanzania -----------38 Conclusion -------------------------------------- 46 Chapter Three From Political Transitions to Democratic Consolidation: Uganda's Experience Since 1986. Charles N. Bwana Introduction -------------------------------------49 Conceptualization of Democracy ----------------------50 Prerequisites for Democratic Consolidation ---------------55 Conditions for Democratic Consolidation ----------------55 Uganda's Democratic Experience Since 1986 ------------- -61 The Way Forward ---------------------------------65 Conclusion --------------------------------------66 SECTION TWO POLITICAL PARTIES IN EAST AFRICA Chapter Four The State of Political Parties in Kenya and Transition to Democracy Nick G. Wanjohi Introduction -------------------------------------71 Proliferation of Political Parties after 1992 ---------------- 73 Institutionalization of Political Parties for Effective Performance 76 Conclusion --------------------------------------92 Chapter Five The State of the Movement System in Uganda: Monopolizing Political Power or Deepening the Democratic Impulse? Nansozi K. Muwanga Introduction -------------------------------------96 Perspectives on Democratization in Africa --------------- 97 Defining the Movement System ----------------------103 Contradictions in the Democratic Ideal: Reality versus Rhetoric - - 112 Conclusion ------- -----------------------------115 Chapter Six The State of Political Parties in Tanzania Amon E. Chaligha Introduction --- --------------------------------120 How Political Parties Relate with the Country's Population - - 97 Conclusion -------------------------------------134 SECTION THREE DEMOCRATIC SPACE AND POPULAR PARTICIPATION Chapter Seven Democratization in Kenya: Towards a Power Balance Among Institutions of Governance Ludeki Chweya Introduction ------ -----------------------------139 Relations Among State Institutions -------------------- 140 State Institutions versus Civil Society Organizations ------- 144 The Kenyan Experience ----------------------------146 Conclusion ------------------------------------- 157 Chapter Eight State of Popular Participation in Tanzania Laurean Ndumbaro Introduction ------------------------------------160 Civil Society and Participation ----------------------- 160 Popular Participation in Tanzania: the Single Party Era ------ 162 Channels for Participation --------------------------165 Impact of Popular Participation ---------------------- 167 Conclusion -------------------------------------172 Chapter Nine Civil Society and Political Participation in Uganda: Prospects for Consolidating Democracy Genevieve E. Kyarimpa Introduction ------------------------------------176 The Civil Society Discourse -------------------------177 Women's Organizations ----------------------------184 Prospects for Consolidating Democracy in Uganda -------- 188