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Chapter One: A Sketch of Islamic and Somali Culture Important Cultural Values I Dispelling Myths about Islam 3 Language 3 Religion 5 Islamic Festivals and Holidays 6 Family Gender Roles 8 Educational System 8 Chapter Two: A Brief History of Somalia I I Pre-Colonial Period I I Colonial Period 12 Independence and Cold War 12 Military Dictatorship 13 Post-Communist Somalia 15 The Slide into Anarchy 15 From Ravages of War to the Diaspora 16 Post-war Trauma 18 Why Minnesota? 19 ChapterThree: The Stress on Somali Families in Minnesota 21 Housing 21 Isolation 22 Finances 22 Taking Care of Relatives 23 Taking Care of Children 23 Role Reversals 24 Individual Responsibility 24 Depression 25 Chapter Four: Accommodating Somali Students in Public Schools 27 Vignette I: Getting Oriented 27 Vignette 2: A Simple Handshake 28 Vignette 3: Names 30 Vignette 4: Pork 31 Vignette 5: Prayer 32 Vignette 6: Fasting 33 Vignette 7: Physical Education 35 Vignette 8: Music Class 36 Vignette 9: Using a Song in a Lesson 37 Vignette 10: Art Class 38 Vignette I : Health Class 39 Vignette 12: Dating 39 Vignette 13: Clothes 40 Vignette 14: Halloween 42 Vignette 15: Homework 42 Vignette 16: Race 43 Vignette 17: Gestures 45 Chapter Five: Effects of Refugee Experience on Somali Children 47 Somali Adults' Explanations 47 Vignettes Related to Classroom Management and Discipline 50 Vignette I: "They're tearing the building down!" 51 Vignette 2: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 52 More Vignettes Related to Classroom Management and Discipline 55 Vignette 3: "Allah will provide for us." 55 Vignette 4: "1 don't have to listen to you!" 57 Vignette 5: Spanking 59 Vignette 6: Rural vs. Urban 60 Vignette 7: "Give me that!" 61 Vignette 8: Boys Disrespecting Girls 62 Vignette 9: Crying 63 Chapter Six: Pedagogical Considerations 65 The Need for a Structured Learning Environment 65 Skill Deficits and Academic Assets 66 Independent vs. Cooperative Work 67 Chapter Seven: Conclusion 69