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Part One - The Instruments ONE Cristofori and some precursors of the piano 14 The harpsichord family in England Ssp in et circa 1700 attribu ted C aw ton A ston TWO The piano's arrival in England 17 Father Wood's piano. Zumpe and the German craftsmen The nag's head swell S17 6 9 s q u a r e p ia n o b y Z u m p e e t B u n te b a r t * 1807 square piano by W. & M. Stodart "* 1777 square piano by Adam Beyer THREE Rivals 24 Harpsichords versus pianos. Chamber organs and harmoniums Americus Backers and the early English grand piano Spinet shaped pianos " 1756 harpsichord by Jacob Kirckman "* 1744 harpsichord by Thomas Blasser * 1785 harpsichord by Joachim Antunes * 1697? harpsichord by Elpidius Gregori * 1668 virginal by Onofrio Guarracino S1792 chamber organ by John Avery " 1766 chamber organ by John Byfield * anonymous English chamber organ circa 1680 * 1858 harmonium by Alexandre PNre et Fils * anonymous miniature free reed organ circa 1860 , 1779 transverse piano by Crang Hancock Skeyboard crystallophone circa 1815 by Chappell & Co. FOUR Vertical pianos 37 Early uprights from Dublin. The 'sticker' action John Brinsmead and the Chamber of Horrors American bias against English pianos "* upright piano circa 1800 by Robert Woffington "o upright square piano circa 1800 by William Southwell "* upright piano circa 1860 by Brinsmead " euphonicon circa 1842 by E Beale & Co. FI VE John Broadwood and Sons 44 Burkat Shudi, Jacob Kirckman and Hermann Tabel Barbara Broadwood's Daybook. Chamber pots Prices of instruments. Difficult customers Concessions to musicians. Beethoven and J. C. Bach Michael Kelly and commercial gambles The Broadwood brothers. Henry Prince and The Abode of Love Sir Charles Halle's criticisms. Philharmonic pitch Descent on the hop gardens of Kent - 1795 square piano by Broadwood o 1801 grand piano by Broadwood , 1823 grand piano by Broadwood " 1846 grand piano by Broadwood " anonymous domestic barrel piano circa 1865 * 1858 'Royal Albert' square piano by Broadwood * 1859 grand piano by Broadwood "* 1866 grand piano by Erard SIX Clementi & Co. 67 Adolescence with Peter Beckford in Dorset The dangers of music London and commercial enterprise Longman and Broderip. The Collard brothers. The harmonic swell Conflict between business and artistic endeavours Travels abroad. John Field and short commons under Clementi The conquest of Beethoven. Astonishing review of late piano sonatas Burial at Westminster Abbey. Descendants SE V E N The Clementi pianos 83 The instruments as furniture William Stodart's 'upright grand pianoforte in the form of a bookcase' Mutual aid after disasters The awkward keyboard range of English pianos Dussek's influence over John Broadwood. John Baptist Cramer Clementi's strange preference for a low compass * square piano circa 1815 by Clementi 9 upright grand piano circa 1804 by Clementi * 'cottage' cabinet piano circa 1825 by Clementi ý grand piano circa 1800 by Clementi , grand piano circa 1815 by Clementi * grand piano circa 1821 by Clementi - 1822 grand piano by Clementi * upright piano circa 1865 by Collard & Collard * grand piano circa 1840 by Collard & Collard "o grand piano circa 1835 by Collard & Collard EIG HT The Stodarts 102 John Broadwood's divided soundboard bridge Robert Stodart's early and wealthy retirement in Scotland Disapproval of 'new money' by the gentry Robert Stodart's nephews, William and Matthew Comparison of three contemporary grands "* 1787 grand piano by Robert Stodart "* 1802 grand piano by W & M. Stodart NINE The Viennese piano and its forerunners 107 1. The clavichord The influence of its subtle touch * 1807 fretted clavichord by Georg Friedrich Schmahl * 1806 unfretted clavichord by Lindholm & Soderstrim 2. The pantalon The virtuosity of Pantaleon Hebenstreit The influence of tone colour mutations TEN The Viennese pianos at Finchcocks 114 1. The eighteenth century instruments * 1793 grand piano by Sebastian Lengerer * grand piano circa 1800 by Michael Rosenberger 2. Some early nineteenth century instruments Vienna's oppressive trading practices 'Turkish Music' and Hummel's scorn "* pyramid piano circa 1805 by Leopold Sauer of Prague "* lyre piano circa 1835 attributedJ. C. Schleip, Berlin "* anonymous portable square piano circa 1815 " square piano circa 1805 by Anton Walter "* grand piano circa 1815 byJohann Peter Fritz 3. Conrad Graf and later Viennese pianos Beethoven and Graf's strange stringing experiment Disappearance of the moderator mechanism * grand piano circa 1820 by Conrad Graf * 1826 grand piano by Conrad Graf * 1832 grand piano by MathiasJakesch * grand piano circa 1840 by Carl Henschker * 1867 grand piano byJohann Baptist Streicher ELEVEN France 133 1. Erard Escape to London before the Revolution The influence of both London and Vienna on French pianos * 1792 square piano by Erard * 1801 grand piano by Erard The enigmatic dust cover Chopin and his Pleyel "upright piano circa 1840 by Pleyel 1842 grand piano by Pleyel Merlin and the bizarre experiments of English builders Pape's 'piano-console' 1841 piano-console by Pape S18 3 1 u p r ig h t p i a n o b y S t b a s t i e n M e r c i e r TW ELE Mathushek and the American square 145 The 'orchestral' square 'Black dragons' The Great Bonfire S1873 square piano by Mathushek Part wvo - Performance Introduction 150 THIRTEEN The Viennese style 151 Tonal characteristics Problems of speed FO U RTE EN The English style 168 Tonal characteristics Resonance F I F 'E E N Tone colour mutations 187 The keyboard shift The bassoon The moderator Coda 197 Glossary 200 Keyboard chronology 214 Notes to accompany CD 220 Bibliography 226 Pictorial illustrations index 230 Music illustrations index 232 General index 233