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Chapter One BACKGROUND OF KIGEZI Introductio n ................................................................................................. .... 5 Historical Background ........................................................................ . 5 Physical Features ............................................................................... . 6 3 Population..................................................................................... . 8 4. The economy .............................................................................. . 9 5. Social S tructure .................................................................................... ..... 11 (a) B ak iga ................................................. ...................................... .... . 1 1 (b) Bahororo ................................................................................. ........ 12 (c) Bafumbira .............................................................................. ........ 13 6. Ethnicity .......................................................................................... 13 7 . R eligio n ............................................................................................ ..... 15 8. Salient Features ................................................................................. .... 17 Chapter Two KIKIGA TRADITIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF JUSTICE 1. Definition of Justice ................................................................................... 19 2. Kikiga traditional system of Education in general ................................. .... 20 3. Kikiga Proverbs and Justice ............................................................. 22 i, Definition ...................................................................................... 22 ii, Proverbs on Justice .......................................................................... 22 (a) Honesty as an aspect of Justice ................................................... 22 (b) Fair judgement an aspect of Justice ............................................ 25 (c) Individual Rights and Justice ....................................................... 26 (d) Justice seen in light of other people's rights ......................... ................ 27 4. Proverbs that stress fairness and Justice in general .................... ................ 29 5 . Injustices .................................... . .......................... .. ................. ......... .... 3 1 (a) Lack of appreciation...................................................................... ....... 32 (b) Partiality of judgem ent ........................................................ ............... 32 (c) Exploitation viewed as Injustice............................................................ 35 6. K ikiga Legends and Justice ........................................................ ............... 36 a, Omwana efuuzi (orphan-child) ............................................................. 37 b, G ahw eire................................................................................ ......... 38 7. K ikiga T aboos and Justice ........................................................... ............. 43 a, Taboos to safe-guard marital Rights ...................................... .............. 44 b, Taboos Protecting Non-Human and Human Rights ............................ 45 c, Taboos that perpetuated injustices ...................................................... 49 Chapter Three KIKIGA TRADITIONAL ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 1. The Philosophy behind the Traditional Administration of Justice among the Bakiga ............................................... ............ .... 52 (a) Ensure Social harmony and peaceful co-existence ................................ 52 (b) Ensure Survival amidst hostile Environment, Natural calamitie. and External aggression ................................................ ............ .... 53 2. The Traditional administration of Justice . .................................................. 54 (a) Procedure of Traditional Courts .................................................... ........... 55 (b) Ordinary Types of Traditional Courts ........................................ ........... 56 (c) Court trail by O rdeal ................................................................................. 57 (i) Truth-Test by cow ghee ......................................................... ........... 58 (ii) Truth-Test by bead .................................................................. ......... 58 (iii) Truth-Test by tray)............................................... 58 (iv) Truth-Test by a hen ...................................... .............. 59 (v) Truth-Test by Leaves ...................................... .............. 59 (vi) Truth-Test by W ood ............................................................. .......... 59 3. Kikiga Traditional agents for the administration of justice......................... 61 (i) Elders (Abakuru) ................................................... 61 (ii) Diviners (abafumu) ................................................... 62 (iii) Spiritual Agents (Emandwa and Emizimu)................................. ......... 62 4. Violations, Punishment and Administration of Justice ............................... 63 iv (i) Theft in Kikiga traditional society ..................................... ........... . 64 (ii) M ischievousness (obuhiri).................................................................. 65 (iii) K illin g ............................................................................................... 6 6 (iv) Land encroachment ...................................................................... ....... 68 (v) W itchcraft ..................................................................................... ....... 69 (vi) Forced marriages ............................................... 69 (vii) Pre-marital pregnancy ............................................... 69 (viii) Women oppression ............................................... 71 (ix) Mistreatment of children ...................................... .......... 73 (x) Inter-lineage feuds and inter-clan wars and raids........................... ....... 75 Chapter Four CHANGES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE CONCEPT ANI) ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN KIKIGA SOCIETY 1. Colonialism and its political system in Kigezi .................................... ...... 77 2. The Impact of Colonialism on Kikiga Society .................................... ...... 79 (a) The new economic system and its impact on justice ..................... ...... 79 (b) New Educational System and its impact on the Understanding and Administration of Justice ............................................................... 82 (c) The New legal system and its impact on the Administration of Justice ................................................................................. . 87 3. The New Religions in Kigezi ............................................................ . 96 4. The Impact of New Religions on Kikiga Society ............................... ...... 97 (a) New Religions and their impact on the Cultural and Religious life of The Bakiga ................................................................ ..... .......... . 97 (b) The New religions and their impact on Development .......................... 102 (c) Religious conflicts and their impact on justice............................... ...... 103 Chapter Five RELIGIOUS TEACHING ON JUSTICE 1. Justice in the Old Testament ........................................................ ..... 107 2. Justice in the New Testament .......................................... ....... ..... .... 110 3. Church Teaching on justice .............................................................. . 113 I. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC TEACHING ON JUSTICE..................................... ...... 113 1 Church's Teaching on the Virtue of Justice ........................................ ...... 113 2. Official Teaching on Justice in Encyclicals.............................................. 116 (i) Church's Teaching on Exploitation ............................................ ..... 117 (ii) Church's Teaching on Ownership of Property ............................... ..... 118 (iii) The Church in Defence of the Defenceless .................................... ..... 119 (iv) Church's Teaching on Justice in Uganda ....................................... ..... 121 (v) How the Church Disseminates the official teaching on justice ............ 124 II. THE PROTESTANT CHURCH'S TEACHING ON JUSTICE ................................ 125 (i) World Council of Churches and Justice in General ......................... .... 125 (ii) W.C.C and its Influence on UN Decisions ....................................... .... 127 (iii) W .C.C and Human Rights ......................................................... 127 (iv) W .C.C and W omen Rights ......................................................... ...... 128 (v) W.C.C and its Role in Denouncing Injustices .................................. ... 128 (vi) How the Church of Uganda Disseminates its Teaching on Justice ...... 130 III. ISLAMIC TEACHING ON JUSTICE ...................................................... 131 1. Islamic teaching on equality of Humankind .......................................... 131 2. Islam and Rights of Women, Children and Slaves .............................. .. 133 3. Islam and Socio-Economic Justice . ............................................ ...... 134 4. Islamic Legal Measures Against Injustices ........................................ .. 137 (i) The Positive M easures ............................................................... ..... .. 137 (ii) The Negative M easures .............................................................. ..... .. 138 5. How Islamic Teaching on Justice is Disseminated .................................... 140 6 The role of the Christian Churches and Islam in the Teaching and Promotion of Justice in Kigezi .......................................... ........ . 142 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ............................................................... . 145