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Chapter 1 Investigations in Orkney 1 COLIN RICHARDS 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The excavation report 3 1.3. Barnhouse and Maeshowe: the structure of this report 4 Chapter 2 The Neolithic Settlement of Orkney 7 COLIN RICHARDS 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Field survey 8 2.3. Methodology 9 2.4. Places of habitation 11 2.4.1. Deepdale bay 11 2.5. The discovery of Barnhouse 17 2.5.1. Investigating Barnhouse 18 2.6. Reconsidering Neolithic settlement in Orkney 21 Chapter 3 Living in Barnhouse 23 ANDREW JONES & COLIN RICHARDS 3.1. Introduction 23 3.2. A view from the village, the local environment 25 3.3. A history of the village 27 3.3.1. The sequence of settlement in the central area 29 3.3.2. The sequence of settlement at the village periphery 29 3.4. Village life in the Late Neolithic 31 3.4.1. The production of food at Barnhouse 33 3.4.2. The production of material things 34 3.4.3. The production of categories, Grooved ware at Barnhouse 38 3.4.4. Consumption and representations of community 43 3.5. The spatial dimensions of everyday life at Barnhouse 49 3.5.1. The organization of drains: pollution and duality 50 3.5.2. A history of deposition in the central area 52 Chapter 4 The Dwellings at Barnhouse 57 JANE DOWNES & COLIN RICHARDS 4.1. Introduction 57 4.1.1. Architecture and representation in the Late Neolithic house 57 4.2.1. The structural and symbolic dimension of house construction 59 4.2. The earlier houses at Barnhouse 60 4.2.1. House 3 61 4.2.2. Houses 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d 69 4.2.3. House 9 82 4.2.4. House 7 88 4.2.5. House 6 91 4.2.6. House 10 98 4.2.7. House 1 107 4.3. Later houses 112 4.3.1. House 4 112 4.3.2. House 11 115 4.3.3. House 12 118 4.3.4. House 13 120 4.4. The dwellings of Barnhouse 122 4.4.1. Houses, hearths and images of the past 125 4.4.2. Movement and time within the houses of the dead and the living 126 Chapter 5 The Ceremonial House 2 129 COLIN RICHARDS 5.1. Introduction 129 5.2. The excavation of House 2 132 5.2.1. Outer wall 132 5.2.2. Eastern area 133 5.2.3. Recesses in the eastern area 138 5.2.4. Western area 140 5.2.5. Recesses in the western area 142 5.3. Inhabiting House 2 142 5.3.1. A passage into House 2 145 5.3.2. Material culture and social practices 147 5.4. The associated ash-heap 154 Chapter 6 Structure 8: Monumentality at Barnhouse 157 JOFFY HILL & COLIN RICHARDS 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Pre-construction activity 160 6.3. The inner building 164 6.3.1. Construction and use 165 6.4. The platform and outer wall 174 6.4.1. Construction and use 174 6.4.2. Remodelling and later use 184 6.5. The outer ditch 186 6.6. Memory and place: monumentality at Barnhouse 188 Chapter 7 The Villagers of Barnhouse 195 SIAN JONES & COLIN RICHARDS 7.1. Introduction 195 7.2. The cultural dimensions of life in Barnhouse 195 7.2.1. A Grooved ware culture in Neolithic Orkney? 195 7.2.2. Cultural types versus cultural practices 196 7.2.3. Learning to live in Barnhouse 197 7.3. Power, culture and identity in Neolithic Orkney: 199 the evidence from Barnhouse and the Stenness region 7.3.1. Cultural identity at the village of Barnhouse and beyond 199 7.3.2. Difference and identity amongst the villagers of Barnhouse 202 7.4. Conclusion 204 Chapter 8 Beyond the Village: Barnhouse Odin and the Stones of Stenness 205 ADRIAN CHALLANDS, MARK EDMONDS & COLIN RICHARDS 8.1. Introduction 205 8.2. Barnhouse Odin 207 8.2.1. Excavation of Barnhouse Odin 208 8.3. The Stones of Odin 211 8.4. Interpreting the stone monoliths 215 8.5. The Stones of Stenness henge monument 218 8.6. The destruction of maceheads 225 8.7. Beyond the village of Barnhouse 226 Chapter 9 The Great Passage Grave of Maeshowe 229 ADRIAN CHALLANDS, TOM MUIR & COLIN RICHARDS 9.1. Introduction 229 9.2. The enclosure 232 9.3. Maeshowe platform 235 9.3.1. The entranceway: trench 1 237 9.3.2. The rear platform: trench 2 242 9.3.3. The standing stone: trench 3 242 9.4. Maeshowe, the passage grave 244 9.5. Maeshowe, the monument 247 Chapter 10 The Anatomy of a Megalithic Landscape 249 DUNCAN GARROW, JOHN RAVEN & COLIN RICHARDS 10.1. Introduction 249 10.2. Monuments as cosmology 250 10.3. Monuments as landscape 252 Chapter 11 The Grooved Ware from Barnhouse 261 ANDREW JONES 11.1. Introduction 261 11.2. Characterizing the Barnhouse Grooved ware 261 11.2.1. Fabric 261 11.2.2. Volume and rim diameter 262 11.2.3. Rim morphology 263 11.2.4. Decoration 263 11.2.5. Burnishing 265 11.2.6. General characteristics 268 11.3. Categorizing the Barnhouse Grooved ware 269 11.3.1. Vessel demography 269 11.3.2. Form and fabric 271 11.3.3. Decoration and burnish 272 11.4. The thin-section project 275 11.4.1. Methodology, pottery provenance project 276 11.4.2. Methodology, analysis of petrological thin-sections 279 11.4.3. Provenancing project 279 11.4.4. The petrological evidence for relations between Barnhouse and other sites 280 11.5. Conclusion 281 Chapter 12 Organic Residue Analysis of Grooved Ware from Barnhouse 283 ANDREW JONES, W.J. COLE & RICHARD E. JONES 12.1. Introduction 283 12.2. Methodology 284 12.3. Results 287 12.4. Discussion 289 Chapter 13 The Barnhouse Lithic Assemblage 293 ROBERT MIDDLETON 13.1. Introduction 293 13.2. Mesolithic 293 13.3. Late Neolithic 293 13.3.1. Core reduction and implement production 293 13.4. Flaking strategy 296 13.4.1. Bi-polar flaking 298 13.4.2. Implements 299 13.5. Patterns of deposition 301 13.5.1. Non-house areas 303 13.6. Assemblages from individual structures 304 13.6.1. House 1 304 13.6.2. House 2 305 13.6.3. House 3 306 13.6.4. House 6 308 13.6.5. House 7 309 13.6.6. Structure 8 310 13.6.7. House 9 313 13.6.8. House 10 314 13.6.9. House 11 315 13.6.10. House 12 317 13.7. Residuality 317 13.8. Occupation 320 Chapter 14 The Stone Tool Assemblage 323 ANN CLARKE 14.1. Introduction 323 14.2. Types of stone tools at Barnhouse 323 14.2.1. Cobble tools 323 14.2.2. Ground cobbles 324 14.2.3. Small worn pebbles 325 14.2.4. Multi-hollowed stones 325 14.2.5. Flakes 325 14.2.6. Axes 325 14.2.7. Maceheads 326 14.2.8. Miscellaneous 327 14.3. Location of objects 327 14.4. Discussion 328 14.5. Barnhouse coarse-stone catalogue 329 Chapter 15 The Pumice from Barnhouse 335 ANN CLARKE 15.1. Introduction 335 15.2. Pumice catalogue 337 Chapter 16 The Charred Plant Remains from Barnhouse and Maeshowe 339 PAT HINTON 16.1. Introduction 339 16.2. Methods 339 16.3. Results 339 16.4. Cultivated plants 340 16.4.1. Barley 340 16.4.2. Oats 340 16.5. Edible wild plants 340 16.6. Other plants 341 16.7. Discussion 342 16.7.1. Origin of plant remains 342 16.7.2. Comparison of plant remains from the houses and from Structure 8 343 16.7.3. Comparison with other Neolithic sites 344 16.8. Maeshowe 344 Appendix A: The pollen remains from Barnhouse (by J. Birnie) 357 Chapter 17 The Wood Charcoal Assemblage 359 CAROLINE R. CARTWRIGHT 17.1. Introduction: method and theory 359 17.2. The wood charcoal from Barnhouse 360 17.2.1. Preparation of samples and microscopic examination 360 17.2.2. Ecological considerations 360 17.3. Examination of the evidence 362 17.3.1. The central area 362 17.3.2. House contexts 363 17.3.3. Structure 8 364 17.3.4. General occupation layers and middens 364 17.3.5. General drains, gullies and ditches (outside houses) 365 17.3.6. Other general layers, pits and hearths (outside houses) 365 17.3.7. Old land surfaces and baulks 365 17.4. Summary and conclusions 365 Chapter 18 Barnhouse Faunal Remains 367 SARAH E. KING 18.1. Introduction 367 18.2. Methods 367 18.3. Taxonomic analysis 368 18.4. Skeletal element analysis 368 18.5. Taphonomy 368 18.6. Spatial analysis 368 18.7. Summary 369 Chapter 19 Analysis of the Soil Deposits at Barnhouse and Maeshowe 371 CHARLES FRENCH 19.1. Introduction 371 19.2. Barnhouse 371 19.2.1. Particle-size analysis 372 19.2.2. The micromorphological analyses 372 19.2.3. Discussion 377 19.2.4. Conclusions 378 19.3. Maeshowe 379 19.3.1. Description of sample block 1 379 19.3.2. Interpretation of sample 1 379 19.3.3. Description of sample block 3 380 19.3.4. Interpretation of sample block 3 380 19.3.5. Context [22], lower platform over drain 380 19.3.6. Conclusions 380 Chapter 20 An Examination of the Cramp from Barnhouse and Mouseland, Mainland, Orkney 381 C.P. STAPLETON & S.G.E. BOWMAN 20.1. Introduction 381 20.2. Analytical methods 381 20.3. Results 381 20.4. Interpretation and discussion 383 20.5. Conclusions 384 Chapter 21 Dating Barnhouse 385 PATRICK ASHMORE 21.1. Barnhouse 385 21.2. Comparisons with other settlements with Grooved Ware in Orkney 387 21.3. Comparisons with the radiocarbon dates from the Stones of Stenness 388 21.4. Conclusions 388