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I The Problem andApproach 1 Alternatives to Slash and Burn: Challenge and Approaches of an International Consortium Pedro A. Sanchez, CherylA. Palm, Stephen A. Vosti, Thomas P Tomich, and oyce Kasyoki 3 II Thematic Research 2 Carbon Losses and Sequestration After Land Use Change in the Humid Tropics CherylA. Palm, Meine van Noordwijk, Paul L. Woomer, Julio C. Alegre, Luis Arivalo, Carlos E. Castilla, Divonzil G. Cordeiro, Kurniatun Hairiah, Jean Kotto-Same, Appolinaire Moukam, William J. Parton, Auberto Ricse, Vanda Rodrigues, and Syukur M. Sitompul 41 3 Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Slash and Burn and Alternative Land Use Practices in Sumatra, Indonesia Daniel Murdiyarso, Haruo Tsuruta, Shigehiro Ishizuka, Kurniatun Hairiah, and CherylA. Palm 64 4 The Potential Role of Above-Ground Biodiversity Indicators in Assessing Best-Bet Alternatives to Slash and Burn Andrew N. Gillison 83 5 Below-Ground Biodiversity Assessment: Developing a Key Functional Group Approach in Best-Bet Alternatives to Slash and Burl David E. Bignell, Jerome Tondoh, Luc Dibog, Shiou Pin Huang, Fdtima Moreira, Dieudonne Nwaga, Beto Pashanasi, Eliane Guimardes Pereira, Francis-Xavier Susilo, and MichaelJ. Swift 119 6 Sustainability of Tropical Land Use Systems After Forest Conversion Kurniatun Hairiah, Meine van Noordwijk, and Stephan Weise 143 7 The Forest for the Trees: The Effects of Macroeconomic Factors on Deforestation in Brazil and Indonesia Andrea Cattaneo and Nu Nu San 170 III Site-Specific Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Agriculture 8 Sustainable Forest Management for Smallholder Farmers in the Brazilian Amazon Marcus V N. d'Oliveira, Michael D. Swaine, David E R. P Burslem, , Evaldo M. Brdz, andHenrique J. B. deAraijo 199 9 Permanent Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry Systems in Sumatra, Indonesia Gede Wibawa, Sinung Hendratno, and Meine van Noordwijk 222 10 Coffee, Pastures, and Deforestation in the Western Brazilian Amazon: A Farm-Level Bioeconomic Model Chantal L. Carpentier, Stephen A. Vosti, and Julie Witcover 233 11 Smallholder Options for Reclaiming and Using Imperata cylindrica L. (Alang-Alang) Grasslands in Indonesia Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi, Kurniatun Hairiah, Subekti Rahayu, and Meine van Noordwijk 248 IV National Perspectives 12 The Western Brazilian Amazon Judson E Valentim and Stephen A. Vosti 265 13 The Forest Margins of Sumatra, Indonesia Soetjipto Partohardjono, Djuber Pasaribu, andAchmadM. Fagi 291 14 The Forest Margins of Cameroon James Gockowski, Jean Tonyl, Chimere Diaw, Stefan Hauser, Jean Kotto-Same, Rosaline Njomgang, Appolinaire Moukam, Dieudonni Nwaga, Tiophile Tiki-Manga, Jerome Tondoh, Zac Tschondeau, Stephan Weise, and Louis Zapfack 305 15 The Peruvian Amazon: Development Imperatives and Challenges Douglas White, Manue/Arca, Julio Alegre, David Yanggen, Ricardo Labarta, John C. Weber, Carmen Sotelo-Montes, and Hictor Vidaurre 332 16 Northern Thailand: Changing Smallholder Land Use Patterns Plodprasop Suraswadi, David E. Thomas, Komon Pragtong, Pornchai Preechapanya, and Horst Weyerhaeuser 355 V Cross-Site Comparisons and Conclusions 17 Land Use Systems at the Margins of Tropical Moist Forest: Addressing Smallholder Concerns in Cameroon, Indonesia, and Brazil Stephen A. Vosti, James Gockowski, and Thomas P Tomich 387 18 Balancing Agricultural Development and Environmental Objectives: Assessing Tradeoffs in the Humid Tropics Thomas P Tomich, Andrea Cattaneo, Simon Chater, HelmutJ. Geist, James Gockowski, David Kaimowitz, Eric E Lambin, Jessa Lewis, Ousseynou Ndoye, CherylA. Palm, Fred Stolle, William D. Sunderlin, Judson E Valentim, Meine van Noordwijk, and Stephen A. Vosti 415 Index 441