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I IN TRO D U CTIO N .............................................................................................................. 10 FRAMEWORK FOR THE RESEARCH .......................................................................... 10 Poverty, hunger and health in the history of sub-Saharan Africa................................10 The pre-colonial and colonial history of Uganda.................................... .............. 16 O bjectives of the research.............................................................................................21 Sources....................................................................................................... ......... .. .23 POVERTY, HUNGER AND HEALTH: A CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRA M EW O RK ...........................................................................................................27 Poverty as deprivation and vulnerability.....................................................................27 Poverty in history.................................................................................................. 31 Hunger, famine and poverty ......................................................................................36 Ambiguity of historical concepts of famine............................. ..............................43 Hunger, health and reproduction................................................................................45 II BEFORE AND AFTER 1800....................................................................................... 53 ECOLOGY, SOCIETY AND THE GROWTH OF POLITICAL COMPLEXITY ..........53 The ecological and epidemiological setting..................................................................53 Fertility, ritual and political power ....................................................................... 57 Environmental change and economic, political and social response, c. 1500-1800......61 'Waning' of Bunyoro and waxing of Buganda, c. 1700-1850 .......................................69 AGRICULTURE, SOCIETY AND REPRODUCTION IN THE PRE-COLONIAL PER IO D ................................................................ ...................................... .......... 74 Pre-colonial food systems ........................................................................................74 Land, households and production in Buganda ...........................................................76 Food, society and culture in Buganda........................................................................82 Household and society in Bunyoro .......................................................................87 PRODUCTION, RE-DISTRIBUTION AND POWER: SOCIAL REPRODUCTION OF WEALTH AND POVERTY ........................................................................................93 Marriage, inheritance and power .......................................................................... 93 Clientship, agricultural surpluses and the pre-colonial state.......................................96 Health, demography and social reproduction......................................................104 III THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY ...................................................................... 110 THE PRE-COLONIAL STATE AND THE CRISIS OF THE LATE NINETEENTH C EN TU R Y ...................................................................................................................... 10 Escalation of the political and military crisis ............................................................110 Economic and social crisis in the nineteenth century ............................................ 114 HEALTH, DISEASE AND DEMOGRAPHY IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY ............................................... . . ...................................................... ...........................119 Epidemic and endemic disease ................................................................................ 19 C attle disease .............................................................................................................. 126 D em ography........................................................................................................ ......129 The aggregate demographic impact of war, famine and disease............................... 132 THE CRISIS OF SOCIAL REPRODUCTION.........................................................134 Clientage, tribute and slavery..................................... 134 Polygyny ......................................................................................................................... 139 3 L and ............................................................................................................................140 THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY: RECAPITULATION ....................................142 IV EARLY COLONIAL UGANDA, 1900-1939........................................................ 144 ESTABLISHMENT OF A COLONIAL ECONOMY, 1900-1918............................... 144 British colonial policy and land in Buganda............................................................. 144 Land policy outside Buganda..............................................................................150 Evolution of the kibanja system in Bunyoro............................................................... 153 Taxation ...................................................................................................................... 159 Cotton and labour.................................................................................................. 163 LAND, TAX AND LABOUR, 1919 -1939..................................................................... 170 Post-w ar econom ic policy ........................................................................................... 170 The labour question ..............................................................................................175 COLONIAL POLICY AND THE AGRARIAN QUESTION, 1927-1939: REFORM AND STAGNATION ................................................................................................. 182 Lack of developm ent............................................................................................. 182 The beginnings of rural reform in Buganda............................................................184 Attempts at rural reform in Bunyoro...................................................................... 187 V SOCIAL DISRUPTION, DEPRIVATION AND HUNGER......................................... 193 DISRUPTION AND IMPOVERISHMENT............................................................... 193 Consequences of the 1900 land settlement in Buganda.............................................. 193 Land and political unrest in Bunyoro..................................................................... 195 Taxes, resistance and impoverishment........................................................................ 199 Labour................................................................................................................... 206 Local industries, trade and cash crops................................. ......................................212 COLONIALISM, HUNGER AND FAMINE ............................................................221 Hunger and famine in Buganda .............................................................................221 Hunger and famine in Bunyoro.................................................................................227 Busoga famines and the emergence of a colonial famine relief policy .....................233 SUMMARY: HUNGER CLEARS THE WAY FOR DISEASE ..................................242 VI DISEASE AND DEMOGRAPHY................................................................................244 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 244 COLONIAL MEDICINE AND EPIDEMIC AND ENDEMIC DISEASE...................244 The colonial medical establishment and its health policy............................................244 Sleeping sickness ...................................................................................................... 248 Colonialism and epidemic and endemic disease.................................................265 VENEREAL DISEASE AND DEMOGRAPHY ....................................................275 Polygyny, disease and dying races.................................. ..........................................275 Polygyny, sin and disease: missionary views on population decline ........................281 Colonial construction of the venereal disease problem in Uganda ..........................287 Demographic, medical and socioeconomic implications of the syphilis epidemic.....291 The syphilis epidemic - a reassessment ..................................................................300 DISEASE, DEMOGRAPHY AND REPRODUCTION ............................................ 306 VII POVERTY, HEALTH AND REPRODUCTION......................................................... 314 INTRODUCTION: POVERTY AND MALNUTRITION IN THE COLONIAL EMPIRE ................................................................................................................................. . . 314 Poverty and developm ent......................................................................................314 M alnutrition .......................................................................................................... 314 CHANGING VIEWS ON HEALTH AND MEDICINE.........................................315 A shift in public health policy.....................................................................................315 The discovery of colonial poverty: the nutrition problem................................ ..319 COLONIAL MEDICINE AND DEFICIENCY DISEASE..............................................322 Advancements in nutritional science ......................................................................322 Labourers, prisoners and diets ...............................................................................323 Tropical ulcer as a deficiency disease and a public health problem..........................328 Maize, pellagra and kwashiorkor: a colonial scientific controversy .........................334 Shaping of the aetiology of kwashiorkor...........................................................338 PERSPECTIVES ON HUNGER, MALNUTRITION AND REPRODUCTION IN PRE- COLONIAL AND COLONIAL UGANDA............................................................342 Ecology, disease and malnutrition ...................................... ......................................342 Malnutrition in socioeconomic, cultural and medical contexts...................................347 The domestication of hunger: malnutrition and social and biological reproduction...355 V III CO N C LU SIO N S ..........................................................................................................363 THE POLITICS OF POVERTY......................................................................................363 POVERTY AND REPRODUCTION .........................................................................366 PAST AND PRESENT ................................................................................. ............369 A PPEN D IC ES................................................................................................................ 372 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 397 IN D EX ........................................................................................... . ................... ............ 431