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Acknowledgements 9
About the Authors 10
Abbreviations and Synonyms 11
1 Introduction 13
1.1 The Case Studies 13
1.2 An Overview of Livestock Production in Uganda 18
1.2.1 Land Utilisation for Livestock Production 18
1.2.2 The Potential for Livestock Production in the Different Agro-
Ecological Zones 22
Notes 24
2 Commercial Livestock Ranching in Uganda 25
2.1 Background 25
2.2 The Development of Commercial Livestock Production in
Uganda 29
2.2.1 The Colonial State and Livestock Development 29
2.2.2 The Individualisation of Rangeland Tenure 31
2.3 Livestock Development in Post-colonial Uganda (1962-1971) 33
2.3.1 Government's Policy on Livestock Ranching 33
2.3.2 The Creation of Government Ranching Schemes 34
2.3.3 The Terms and Conditions of Ranch Development 42
2.3.4 Resource Degradation on the Ranches 47
2.4 Resistance to the Establishment of the Ranching Schemes 48
2.5 The Achievements of the Ranching Schemes 51
2.6 The Development of Livestock Production:
The Idi Amin Era (1972-1979) 52
2.7 The Obote ii Period (1980 and 1985) 53
2.7.1 Government's Livestock Development Policy 53
2.7.2 The Civil Wars and Livestock Production 55
2.7.3 Constraints to Livestock Production 58
2.8 Squatter Pastoralism on the Ranching Schemes 59
2.8.1 The Origins of Squatter Pastoralism 59
2.8.2 The Alienation of Critical Dry Season Grazing Areas 63
2.9 Livestock Development under the National Resistance Movement
(NRM) 65
2.9.1 Nrm's Policy on Livestock Sector Development 65
2.9.2 The Resettlement of Landless Cattle Keepers 67
2.9.3 The Commission of Inquiry into the Government Ranching
Schemes 7o
2.9.4 The Squatters' Uprising 71
2.9.5 The Repossession of Ranches in Government Ranching
Schemes 79
2.9.6 The Restructuring of Government Ranching Schemes 81
2.9.7 Rationalisation of Private Ownership 84
2.10 Livestock Sector Development: Current Prospects and Future
Constraints 91
2.10.1 The Development and Management of Water Facilities 91
2.10.2 The Increase in Cultivation on the Restructured Ranches 94
2.10.3 Current Manifestation of Pastoral Nomads 96
2.10.4 The Development of Livestock Production: What is the Way
Forward 97
Notes loo
3 Local Pastoral Institutions: The Case of Karamoja in
3.1 A Background i1
3.2 The State and Pastoralism in Karamoja: A Retrospect 113
3.3 The Proliferation of Firearms in Karamoja 114
3.4 Karamoja and the Post Independence State 119
3.5 Set-up of the Adaptive Units 123
3.6 Settlement Pattern and Division of Labor 125
3.6.1 The Permanent Settlement 125
3.6.2 The Temporary Settlement 126
3.6.3 The Transition Nawii 128
3.7 Distribution of Diets 129
3.8 Adaptive Strategies of the Karimojong 132
3.8.1 Forms of Social and Political Organisation: the Age Sys-
tem 132
3.8.2 Age-sets and Generation-sets 133
3.8.3 Age-sets 134
3.9 Eligibility for Initiation 136
3.10 Akiriket 139
3.11 The Dynamics of Power Relations: Authority of the Elders 141
3.11.1 Negotiating for the He-goat 142
3.12 Mobility 144
3.12.1 The Grazing Camps 148
3.12.2 Leadership of Ngalomarin 149
3.12.3 Organisation of the Alomar 151
3.13 The Question of Cattle Raids 153
3.14 Politics of the Gun 156
3.15 The Karimojong and their Neighbors 160
3.16 Dry Season Grazing 162
3.17 Taming the Gun 164
3.18 Epilogue 166
Notes 168
4 Conclusions 173
References 177
Appendices 187
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