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1. A BACKGROUND FOR NETWORKED DIGITAL MEDIA 1
1.1 PROTOCOL LAYERING AND AN INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK
ADDRESSES AND PORTS 2
1.2 WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA? 4
1.3 MULTIMEDIA EXCHANGES 6
1.4 CONSUMER-ORIENTED APPLICATIONS 11
1.5 MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING AND DEVICES 20
1.5.1 Digital Video Display Formats 26
1.5.2 Liquid Crystal Display Technology 29
1.5.3 Storage Technologies and Requirements 30
1.6 THE PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS: SINUSOIDS, FREQUENCY
SPECTRA, AND BANDWIDTH 32
1.6.1 Frequency and Bandwidth-Related Operations 34
1.7 ANALOG TO DIGITAL MEDIA CONVERSION 39
1.7.1 The Sampling Theorem 40
1.7.2 Digitization and Pulse Code Modulation 41
1.7.3 Digitized vs. Synthesized Media 44
1.8 QUALITY OF SERVICE CRITERIA 46
2. DIGITAL CODING OF AUDIO AND VIDEO 51
2.1 THE ALTERNATIVES AND TRADEOFFS OF DIGITAL CODING 53
2.2 LOSSLESS ENTROPY CODING 56
2.2.1 Huffinan Coding 56
2.2.2 Arithmetic Coding 57
2.2.3 FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) 59
2.3 THE TIFF, AIFF, and WAV FILE FORMATS 60
2.4 FACSIMILE COMPRESSIVE CODING 63
2.5 TRANSFORM-DOMAIN CODING: THE DISCRETE COSINE
TRANSFORM (DCT) 64
2.6 TRANSFORM-DOMAIN CODING: WAVELET DECOMPOSITION 67
2.7 JPEG STILL IMAGE CODING 72
2.8 JPEG 2000 STILL IMAGE CODING 76
2.9 COMPRESSIVE VIDEO CODING 78
2.9.1 Motion JPEG and Digital Video 79
2.9.2 H.261 and H.263 Conferencing Video 81
2.10 MPEG 85
2.10.1 Levels of Containment: I, P and B Frames, the Group of Pictures,
and Macroblocks 88
2.10.2 Intra- and Inter-Picture Compressive Coding 89
2.10.3 The MPEG-2 Systems Layer 93
2.10.4 MPEG Audio Coding: MP-3 and AAC 97
2.10.5'MPEG-4 101
2.10.5.1 Scene Description, Data Streams, and Encoding 101
2.10.5.2 MPEG-4 Systems Level 105
2.10.5.3 H.26L 107
2.10.5.4DivX 110
2.10.6 MPEG-21 110
2.10.7 Digital Television and the :Grand Alliance" HDTV System 113
2.11 MEDIA ENCODING SYSTEMS AND COMMUNICATIONS
CAPACITY 119
3. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND TECHNOLOGIES 121
3.1 NETWORK CATEGORIES 122
3.2 THE DWDM CORE OPTICAL NETWORK 125
3.2.1 Opaque and Transparent Optical Nets, and Hierarchical
Switching 128
3.2.2 SONET and IP Traffic 131
3.3 CIRCUIT, PACKET, AND CELL-SWITCHED COMMUNICATION 134
3.3.1 Circuit-switched Communication 135
3.3.2 Packet-Switched Communication and Routing 136
3.3.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 138
3.4 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTALS 143
3.5 WIRED LOCAL NETWORKS 147
3.5.1 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) 148
3.5.2 IEEE 1394 152
3.6 MODULATION TECHNIQUES 155
3.6.1 Linear Modulation Formats and FM 155
3.6.2 Spread Spectrum: Frequency-hopping, Direct Sequence, and
UWB 157
3.6.3 QAM - A Closer Look 160
3.6.4 DMT/OFDM - A Closer Look 162
3.6.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation and Turbo Codes 167
3.7 WIRED ACCESS NETWORKS 170
3.7.1 xDSL 171
3.7.2 Cable Data Systems 174
3.7.2.1 DOCSIS Medium Access Control 177
3.7.3 Power-Line Access Networking 181
3.8 WIRELESS NETWORKING 182
3.8.1 3G/4G Cellular Mobile Systems 188
3.8.1.1 IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access 192
3.8.2 MIMO Antennas and Space-Time Codes 193
3.8.3 IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan-Area Network "WiMax" 198
3.8.4 IEEE 802.11 "WiFi" 201
3.8.4.1 Modulation in 802.11a,b,g,n 202
3.8.4.2 MAC for Access and QoS 204
3.8.5 Bluetooth 208
3.8.6 Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 210
3.9 THE FUTURE OF BROADBAND COMMUNICATION 211
4. INTERNET PROTOCOLS, SERVICES, AND SOFTWARE 213
4.1 INTERNET HISTORY AND PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE 215
4.2 BASIC INTERNET SERVICES 220
4.2.1 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 221
4.3 THE INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) 222
4.3.1 IPv4 225
4.3.2 IPv6 228
4.4 TCP AND UDP 231
4.5 INTERNET QoS SERVICES 236
4.5.1 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 237
4.5.1.1 DiffServ Classes and PHB Groups 238
4.5.1.2 The Service Level Specification (SLS) and
Traffic Conditioning 240
4.5.2 Integrated Services (IntServ) 244
4.6 MULTI-PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING (MPLS) 247
4.7 THE WORLD WIDE WEB 251
4.7.1 The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 252
4.8 HYPERMEDIA AND MARKUP LANGUAGES 255
4.8.1 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) 257
4.8.2 eXtensible Markup Language (XML) 261
4.8.2.1 XHTML 264
4.8.2.2 Voice XML 266
4.8.2.3 WAP, XHTMLMP and WML 267
4.8.2.4 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) 269
4.8.2.5 XML DTD, Schema and Other Features 271
4.9 IP MOBILITY 273
4.9.1 Mobile IP 274
4.9.2 Application-Layer Mobility 275
4.9.3 Cellular IP 276
4.10 OBJECT-BASED SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES 277
4.10.1 JAVA and C# 279
4.10.2 CORBA and SOAP 281
4.10.3 Networked Services Environments 286
4.10.4 OpenCable Applications Platform 289
5. MEDIA PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS 293
5.1 VOICE OVER IP (VoIP) 294
5.2 MULTIMEDIA CONFERENCING PROTOCOL H.323 300
5.3 MEGACO/H.248 305
5.4 SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL (SIP) 309
5.4.1 Stream Control Transport Protocol (SCTM) 313
5.4.2 LDAP and H.350 Directory Services 314
5.5 RESERVATION PROTOCOL (RSVP) 315
5.6 REAL-TIME PROTOCOL (RTP) 318
5.7 MEDIA STREAMING AND THE REAL-TIME STREAMING
PROTOCOL (RTSP) 324
5.7.1 Media Streaming Modes 325
5.7.2 RTSP 327
5.7.2.1 Session Definition Protocol (SDP) 328
5.7.2.2 RTSP Operation 329
5.8 REAL-TIME STREAMING SYSTEMS 335
5.8.1 Video on Demand Streaming: Server Systems 335
5.8.2 Internet Broadcasting 342
5.9 COMMERCIAL STREAMING SYSTEMS 345
5.9.1 RealNetworks' Streaming System 346
5.9.2 Microsoft Windows Media 9TM 352
5.9.3 The Apple QuickTimeTM System 354
5.9.4 The Digital FountainTM Media Streaming System 357
5.10 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 360
References 361
Index 375
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Multimedia systems, Internet