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List of Maps, Illustrations, and Tables xi
Chinese Dynasties xv
Abbreviations xix
Preface xxi
I Introduction 1
Prologue 3
Finding the Correct Conceptual Grid 4
What Should Be the Literati Theory of Knowledge? 5
Late Ming Classicism in the Context of Commercial Expansion 9
Printing Technology and Publishing 16
Naturalization of Anomalies in Ming China and
Early Modern Europe 20
1. Ming Classification on the Eve of Jesuit Contact 24
Ordering Things through Names 24
Collecting the Collectors 34
Late Ming Statecraft, Mathematics, and Christianity 53
Collecting Things in Texts 57
II Natural Studies and the Jesuits 61
2. The Late Ming Calendar Crisis and Gregorian
Reform 63
Development of the Ming Astro-calendric Bureau 65
Evolution of the Late Ming Calendar Crisis 73
Gregorian Reform 80
Jesuits and Late Ming Calendar Reform 84
3. Sino-Jesuit Accommodations During the Seventeenth
Century 107
European Scientia and Natural Studies in Ming-Qing China 107
Literati Attacks on Calendar Reform in the Early Qing 133
Ferdinand Verbiest and the Kangxi Emperor 144
4. The Limits of Western Learning in the Early Eighteenth
Century 150
The Kangxi Emperor and Mei Wending 150
The Rites Controversy and Its Legacy 160
French Jesuits in the Kangxi Court 169
The Newtonian Century and the Limits of Scientific Transmission
to China 183
5. The Jesuit Role as Experts in High Qing Cartography
and Technology 190
Mensuration and Cartography in the Eighteenth Century 191
Cartography, Sino-Russian Relations, and Qing Imperial
Interests 200
The Jesuit Role in Qing Arts, Instruments, and Technology 205
III Evidential Research and Natural Studies 223
6. Evidential Research and the Restoration of Ancient
Learning 225
Early Qjng Critiques of Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming 226
Medical Works and the Recovery of Antiquity 227
Chen Yuanlong and the Mirror of Origins Encyclopedia 236
Revival of Ancient Chinese Mathematics 244
7. Seeking the Truth and High Qing Mathematics 255
High Qing Views of the Investigation of Things 255
Mathematics in an Age of Evidential Research 262
Nativism and Early Nineteenth-Century Mathematics 270
IV Modern Science and the Protestants 281
8. Protestants, Education, and Modern Science to 1880 283
Protestant Missionaries in China 283
Protestants and Modern Science in Shanghai 296
Introduction of Modern Mathematics and the Calculus 303
The Shanghai Polytechnic and Reading Room 308
9. The Construction of Modern Science in
Late Qing China 320
Early Science Primers 321
Edkins's Primers for Science and the Problem of Darwin
in China 323
From the Scientific Book Depot to the China Prize Essay
Contest 332
Prize Essay Topics and Their Scientific Content 340
Medical Missionaries since 1872 and Medical Questions
as Prize Essay Topics 342
Natural Theology, Darwin, and Evolution 345
V Qing Reformism and Modern Science 353
10. Government Arsenals, Science, and Technology
in China after 1860 355
From Chinese Working for Missionaries to Missionaries Working
for the Dynasty 356
Post-Taiping Reformers and Late Qing Science 357
The iangnan Arsenal in Shanghai 359
Technical Learning in the iangnan Arsenal and Fuzhou
Navy Yard 368
Naval Warfare and the Refraction of Qing Reforms
into Failure 376
Reconsidering the Foreign Affairs Movement 386
11. Displacement of Traditional Chinese Science and Medicine
in the Twentieth Century 396
Western Learning Mediated through Japan 396
Science and the 1898 Reformers 398
From Traditional to Modern Mathematics 403
Modern Medicine in China 405
Influence of Meiji Japan on Modern Science
in China 408
Appendixes
1. Tang Mathematical Classics 423
2. Some Translations of Chemistry, 1855-1873 425
3. Science Outline Series, 1882-1898 426
4. Partial Chronological List of Arsenals, etc., in China,
1861-1892 427
5. Table of Contents for the 1886 Primersfor Science Studies
(Gezhi qimeng) 428
6. Twenty-three Fields of the Sciences in the 1886 Primersfor
Science Studies 429
7. Science Compendia Published in China from 1877
to 1903 430
8. Some Officially Selected Chinese Prize Essay Topics from
the Shanghai Polytechnic 433
9. Scientific Societies Formed between 1912 and 1927 434
Notes 437
Bibliography of Chinese and Japanese Sources 527
Acknowledgments 541
Credits 543
Index 545
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Science China History 16th century, Science China History 17th century, Science China History 18th century, Science China History 19th century