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Illustrations ................................................................................ vii
Preface ......................................................................................... ix
Acknowledgment ........................................ . xiii
Abbreviations .................................. xv
1. Historical Setting of a Traditional Society ............................... 1
Geographic Location and Historical Perspectives 1
Population and Ethnic Distribution 9
2. Women and Human Resource Development ......................... 17
3. Women and Tradition ............................................. 29
Premarital Preparation 30
Traditional Marriage Arrangements 36
Traditional Divorce Process 49
Traditional Social Expectations 56
Tradition Dies Hard 63
4. Women and Education ............................................ 69
Traditional and Colonial Education 70
Female Participation in Education 75
Policy Measures for Change 87
5. Women and Health ............................................... 95
Access to Health Care 96
Food Distribution and Nutrition 102
Drinking Water, Sanitation and Firewood 105
Pregnancy & Maternal Health Care 109
Domestic Violence and Sexual Abuses 112
Female Circumcision 117
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 124
6. Women and Politics .................................. 129
Women in Pre-Independence Politics 131
Women in Post-Independence Politics 135
Policy Measures for Empowerment 138
7. Women and Employment ................................ . 143
Employment in Colonial Era 144
Employment in Private Sector 148
Employment in Public Sector 154
8. W omen and Agriculture ........................................................ 161
Rural Women in Agricultural Activities 162
Rural Women in Participatory Programs 168
9. W om en and Poverty ............................................................... 173
Victims to Poverty 174
Poverty Alleviation Measures 182
10. Contemporary Structural Changes ............................. 187
Economic Changes 189
Political Changes 194
Social Changes 200
Programs for Public Awareness 208
11. National Union of Eritrean Women and Development....... 213
Objectives and Mandates 214
Accomplishments and Backlashes 218
Commitment and Collaboration 222
12. Prospects for Change and Development .................... 227
Women in Development 228
Government Intervention for Change 233
Prospects and Challenges 238
Bibliography .......................................................................... 243
Index ........................................ ..............257
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Women Eritrea Social conditions, Women Eritrea Social life and customs, Women in development Eritrea, Sex role Eritrea