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Acknowledgments xi List of tables xiii List of figures xv Abbreviations and symbols xvi Note on sources xviii 1 The Caddo verb: Orientation and overview 1 1.1 Background 2 1.1.1 Present-day Caddo 2 1.1.2 The state of research 6 1.2 The Caddo verb 8 1.2.1 Polysynthesis 8 1.2.2 Template morphology 10 1.2.2.1 Position class analysis of the Caddo verb 10 1.2.3 Common features of template morphology 14 1.2.3.1 Layering 14 1.2.3.2 Discontinuous dependency 16 1.2.3.3 Spanned ordering 17 1.2.3.4 Affix homophony 17 1.3 Outline of chapters 20 2 Person, case, and reality 22 2.1 Pronominal morphology 23 2.2 Person 25 2.2.1 First and second person 26 2.2.2 Third person 28 2.2.3 Defocusing person 31 2.2.3.1 Referencing peripheral third person 32 2.2.3.2 Referencing indefinite third persons 34 2.2.3.3. Referencing and addressing in-laws 36 2.3 Case 37 2.3.1 AGENT case 2.3.2 PATIENT case 38 2.3.3 DATIVE case 42 2.4 Reality 45 2.5 Conclusion 49 55 3 Tense, aspect, and mood 3.1 Tense 57 3.1.1 Past 62 3.1.2 Future 62 3.1.3 Past and future combined 65 3.2 Aspect 66 3.2.1 Perfect 66 3.2.2 Imperfective 68 3.2.2.1 Imperfective 70 3.22.2. Inchoative 70 3.2.2.3 Intentive 72 3.2.2.4 Andative 73 3.2.2.5 Habitual 74 3.2.2.6 Iterative 74 3.2.2.7 Durative 76 3.2.2.8 Continuative 77 3.2.2.9 Prioritive 78 3.2.2.10 Resultative 80 3.2.2.11 Diminutive 81 3.3 Mood 81 3.3.1 Indicative 82 33.3.2 Interrogative 84 3.3.3 Imperative 85 3.3.4 Conditional 87 33.3.5 Contrastive 88 3.3.6 Veritive 89 3.3.7 Simulative 89 3.3.8 Mirative 89 3.3.9 Desiderative 90 3.3.10 Possibility 91 3.3.11 Potential 91 3.3.12 Belief 91 .3.13 Quotative 92 92 3.4 Other TAM distinctions 92 3.4.1 Negative 92 3.4.2 Subordinator 94 3.4.3 Deictic position 96 3.4.4 Indiscriminative 98 3.5 TAM position-class survey 99 4 Number and distribution 101 4.1 Number 102 4.1.1 Dual 105 4.1.2 Animate plural (general plural) 109 4.1.3 Absolutive number 113 4.2 Distribution 116 4.2.1 Position 10 distributive 117 4.2.2 Position 5 distributive 118 4.3 Cooccurrence 120 4.3.1 Coocurrence restrictions 122 4.3.2 Discrete cooccurrence 123 4.4 Conclusion 124 5 Voice and valency 127 5.1 Valency-increasing constructions 129 5.1.1 General causative 129 5.1.2 Portative 133 5.1.3 Mild causative 138 5.1.4 Dative applicative 141 5.2 Valency-reducing construction: middle voice 144 5.3 Conclusion 149 6 Further verb-stem modification 151 6.1 Postural 152 6.2 Manner 155 6.3 Locative 160 6.4 Patientive 170 6.5 Verb-stem compounding 179 6.5.1 Verb-stem compounding techniques 179 6.5.2 Secondary stem + copula 181 6.5.3 Secondary stem + active stem 186 6.6 Conclusion 189 7 Conclusion 191 Appendix: Phonological sketch 193 A.1 Phoneme inventory and orthographic 194 conventions A.1.1 Consonants 194 A.1.2 Vowels 195 A.1.3 Length and tone 196 A.2 Phonological processes 197 A.2.1 Word- and clitic-boundary processes 197 A.2.2 Glottalization processes 200 A.2.3 Syncope 201 A.2.4 Palatalization 202 A.2.5 Consonant cluster simplification 203 A.2.6 Syllable-coda simplification 204 A.2.7 Length 206 A.2.8 Tone 207 A.3 Morphologically triggered epenthesis and 208 high tone assignment References 213 Index 219Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Caddo language Verb, Caddo language Morphology