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1 Introduction 1.1 Different views of the role of local government 1.2 A bird's eye view of theoretical developments Politics and interests, losing the veil of neutrality Participation Problems in implementation, incremental change and process approaches Emergence of learning organizations The developmental role of local authorities 1.3 Summary 2 A theory to achieve sustainability Background of the central question Concepts and definitions Introducing the theoretical framework The learning process Theoretical introduction to learning processes Who learns what for what purpose? Factors contributing to learning processes Learning and autonomy of local public organizations Intermediaries as catalysts Specificity The interlocking policy and support structure Sustainability Summary 3 Translating theory into case study research Introduction The unit of analysis Operational definitions Autonomy of local public organizations Intermediary function of the local public organization The specificity of the project The learning process The support structure Sustainable results 3.4 Methodology Data collection Data preparation and presentation Check on data gathered and scoring Drawing conclusions Selection of the cases Part II Practice 4 Thirty project activities in Tanzania, Introduction Recent political background Economic development Rural development in Tanzania Local government in Tanzania Changing Dutch livestock policies Tanzanian dairy development policies Trends and developments in agricultural research Introduction to the 30 project activities The Farming Systems Research Project The Kagera Livestock Development Project The Bukoba District Rural Development Programme The Maswa District Rural Development Programme Part III Results 5 Causes of the learning process reconsidered Introduction Autonomy Autonomy in knowledge Autonomy in authority Autonomy in resources Autonomy, the whole concept Intermediary role Specificity Possibility to specify objectives and methods and control achievement Effects on participants Specificity, the whole concept Other causes of learning processes Conclusions 6 Patterns in learning processes, support structures and sustainability... 165 Introduction The learning process The civil servant Links in the learning process between knowledge, intermediary role and specificity Four dimensions of organizational learning revisited Patterns in support structures Introduction No support structure Two patterns of support structures Factors hindering the learning process, support structure and sustainability Deconcentration or devolution A sectoral approach Institutional strengthening Infrastructure projects Management of natural resources Development and exploitation of new (agricultural) knowledge Summary 7 Conclusions Introduction Summarising empirical findings and reviewing the theoretical framework Role of autonomy of local public organizations The intermediary role performed by local public organizations The role of specificity Learning process Linking learning processes and support structures Patterns in support structures and sustainability Applicability outside Tanzania and policy windows Beyond the theoretical framework Other concluding observations Devolution versus deconcentration Analysing project activities per sector Implementation problems 8 Recommendations 8.1 Learn against lower costs 8.2 How to analyse learning processes to improve project activities 8.3 The logical framework and learning processes and support structures 8.4 Plan to maintain and expand support structures RetrospectLibrary of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Economic development projects Africa Management Evaluation, Economic development projects Tanzania Management Evaluation, Administrative agencies Africa Management Evaluation, Administrative agencies Tanzania Management Evaluation