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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Customary Systems in the Study Areas1 The classic "communal" regime1 A regime based on the legacy of slavery 2 Land Rights 2 The village of Dedome 2 The village of Dekouenou 2 THE CONTEXT 4 Intense Pressure on Land 4 Seriously Degraded Soils 4 Growing Demand for Fallow and Diverse Users 4 The Farming Crisis on the Adja Plateau 5 Land and Local Credit Systems 5 The Growing Importance of Oil Palm 5 Interaction between Building Plots and Agricultural Land 6 Public Policies 6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 8 Rights over Land and Natural Resources 8 Zunda 8 Zunda on fallow land 8 Zunda on largely unrestored land 9 Extent of tenants' rights 9 Duration of contracts and rental rates 9 Lema 9 Kinnato: sharecropping in the royal plantation 9 Lema: food sharecropping 10 Tomato sharecropping 10 Duration of sharecropping agreements and security of tenure 10 Awoba 11 Rights of the recipient of awoba land 11 Duration of the agreement 11 Palm Grove Contracts 12 Duration of the agreement 12 Types of rights conferred 12 Guardian Contracts 12 Extent of rights 13 Security of land tenure and guardian contracts 13 Preferential sale clause 13 Lending Land 13 Loans within the household and family 13 Loans outside the family 14 CONCLUSION 15 Economic Effectiveness and Equity 15 Markets for Labour and Farm Produce 15 Individualisation of Land Relations 16 Documentation of Land Transactions 16 The Challenges Ahead 16 ANNEXES 18 USEFUL REFERENCES 23Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Land tenure Benin, Natural resources Benin