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1. The traditional society 1
European views on China 1
The traditional economy 5
The political system 15
The socialization process 19
2. The opening of China 22
The European trade with East Asia 22
The problem of jurisdiction 32
The opium crisis and war, 1836-1842 39
The Treaty of Nanjing 48
3. The Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864 52
Disorder and rebellion 52
The origins of the rebellion 55
The Taiping kingdom 59
The course of the rebellion 63
The foreign powers and the Taipings 72
4. Conflict with the Western powers, 1843-1861 77
Anglo-Chinese relations, 1843-1857 77
The origins of the second war 84
The third war, 1860 92
China's inner frontiers and the advance of Russia 93
5. The self-strengthening movement 101
Opportunities, political and economic, 1861-1894 101
Court politics after 1860 103
Foreign relations, 1861-1894 113
The first Sino-Japanese war, 1894 118
The question of imperialism 123
6. Reform and revolution 125
The reform movement of 1898 125
The Boxer movement 135
The end of the monarchy 138
The government of Yuan Shikai 145
7. The Chinese economy 150
Developments between 1912 and 1938 150
Rural China 153
Traditional handicrafts 162
Public debt 163
Foreign enterprise and China 165
8. The war-lord era 167
The origins of war-lordism 167
The split in the Beiyang army 168
The Zhili-Anhui-Fengtian wars 179
The effects of war-lordism 190
9. The radicalization of Chinese politics 192
Sun Yatsen and events in the south, 1913-1923 192
The May Fourth Movement 195
Founders of Chinese communism 198
10. The rise of Chiang Kaishek 211
The Guomindang and the Zhejiang connection, 1911-1926 211
The labour movement 214
The Communists and the peasants 216
Chiang Kaishek and the Communists, 1925-1927 219
11. The Nationalist regime, 1928-1937 229
The legacy of Sun Yatsen 229
Opposition to the Nationalist regime, 1928-1933 232
The record of the Nationalist regime 238
Chinese Fascism, 1928-1937 244
12. The Chinese Communist Party, 1927-1934 247
The policy of insurrection 247
The rise of the rural Soviets 254
The Li Lisan Line 258
Mao Zedong and the Jiangxi Soviet, 1931-1934 261
13. The Chinese Communist Party, 1935-1949 268
The Long March, 1934-1935 268
The Second United Front, 1937-1945 270
'Maoism' in the 1940s 277
The victory of the Chinese Communist Party 282
14. The Chinese People's Republic, 1949-1957 285
The early years of Communist rule, 1949-1953 285
Land reform and economic recovery, 1949-1953 287
The imposition of intellectual control 291
China's First Five Year Plan, 1953-1957 293
Ten Great Relationships and a Hundred Flowers, 1956 299
15. The Great Leap Forward 304
Economic problems, 1956-1958 304
The Chinese communes 308
The failure of the Leap, 1958-1960 310
China's foreign policy, 1949-1963 316
The Sino-Soviet split 320
16. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, I 324
The Socialist Education Movement, 1963-1965 324
The polarization of Chinese politics, 1963-1965 328
The aims of the Cultural Revolution 333
The course of the Cultural Revolution 335
Policy questions in the Cultural Revolution 344
17. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, II 349
The 'Paris Communes', January 1967 349
The 'revolutionary committees', 1967-1968 352
The Little Red Book 357
The restoration of Party power, 1968-1969 361
The fall of Lin Biao 364
The aftermath, 1975-1976, and a summing-up 370
The second dismissal of Deng Xiaoping 372
Mao Zedong in retrospect 373
18. China since the death of Mao 381
The re-emergence of Deng Xiaoping, 1976-1981 381
The first steps to economic reform 385
Changes in rural China 389
Reforming the State sector 396
Problems of political reform, 1978-1989 399
19. Reaction and renewed reform 430
The economy since 1993 431
Political reform since 1992 436
Conclusion: The modernization of China 441
Wealth and strength 444
The standard of living 449
Foreign policy 451
The return of Hong Kong 453
Modernization versus Westernization 454
The other China: Taiwan 456
Chinese intellectual tradition and Western influence 458
Human rights in China 461
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: China History 19th century, China History 20th century