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1. Introduction: Science Is Improbable 2. The Beginnings Myth and Magic Mesopotamia Egypt 3. Early Greek Science The Milesians The Post-Milesians The Soul Summary 4. The Age of Plato and Aristotle Plato and Theory Aristotle and Observation 5. The Alexandrian Period: The Age of the Experiment and the Textbook 6. The Roman Period Celsus Pliny Galen 7. The Middle Ages 8. Islamic Science 9. Scholasticism and Science 10. Renaissance I: The Birth of Science 11. Renaissance II: The Birth of Experimental Biology 12. The New Physiology Iatrochemistry Iatrophysics 13. New Technology, New Physiology The New World of the Very Small: The Microscope Vital Air: The Development of Pumps and Early Theories of Respiration. The Thermometer and Body Heat 14. Reaction and Opposition 15. The Enlightenment and Rational Biology Rational Biology The Emergence of Physiology 16. Transition to the Nineteenth Century: Popular Science, Eccentric Science, and Romantic Physiology Hunter and Spallanzani: The Last GreatAll-Rounders, The Science Museum: Collecting and Displaying. Romantic Physiology 17. Consolidation of Experimental Biology Respiration Metabolic Chemistry Internal Secretions Renal Physiology Digestion Benefits New Fields 18. Evolution and Physiology 19. Physiology Abused Gullibility Reckless Intervention Evolutionary Genetics and Social Repression 20. Today What is Science? Biology Today