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1 Study on Soil and Seed Fungi .................................................................................................1 1.1 Fungi in Soil and Fungus Flora ...................................................................................1 1.2 Relationships between Soilborne Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Other Soil Microorganisms ..........................................................................................3 1.3 Research Problems on Soil Fungus Floras ................................................................4 1.4 Problems on Classification of Root-Inhabiting Fungi .................................................5 1.5 Study of Soil Fungi in Relation to Seed Fungi ...........................................................6 2 Materials and Methodology ...................................................................................................13 2.1 Collection Sites and Samples .....................................................................................13 2.2 Principles of Isolation Method...................................................................................13 2.3 Isolations and Cultures of Soilborne Fungi from Plants ...........................................14 2.4 Isolation of Fungi from Soil ......................................................................................14 2.4.1 Direct Inoculation Method..........................................................................15 2.4.2 Dilution (Plate) Method and Isolation Media ............................................15 2.4.3 Trapping (Bait) Method and the Substrates ..............................................15 2.5 Preservation of Cultures .............................................................................................15 2.6 Morphogenesis on Agar Cultures and Their Observations .......................................16 3 Identification of Fungi............................................................17 3.1 Basal Knowledge for Identification ............................................17 3.2 Necessity of Experimentation ....................................................18 3.3 Selection of Appropriate Binomials ..............................................18 3.4 Morphologies to be Observed for Identification ..............................18 3.5 References for Fungal Taxonomy and Identification ...........................20 4 Key to Classes of Soil Fungi ....................................................21 Key to Mastigomycetes, Kingdom of Chromista ................................. 22 Key to Zygomycetes, Kingdom of Fungi ................. ................... 23 Key to Ascomycetes, Kingdom of Fungi ................................23 Key to Basidiomycetes, Kingdom of Fungi ......................................24 Key to Deuteromycetes (Mitosporic Fungi), Kingdom of Fungi................ 25 A. Pycnidium-Forming Fungi ......................................25 B. Sporodochium-Forming Fungi ......................................26 C. Synnema-Forming Fungi ......................................27 D. Aleuriosporae ........................ .27 E. Arthrosporae ........................................28 F. Blastosporae...........................28 G. Phialosporae............................ .......................30 H. Porosporae ......................................31 I. Sympodulosporae ......................................32 J. Annelosporae and Others ......................................32 K. Sterile (Nonspore-Forming) Fungi..................................33 5 List of Fungus Genera ............................................35 Mastigom ycotina ................................................................35 Zygom ycotina...........................................................................35 Ascom ycotina ....................................................................35 Basidiom ycotina .................................................................35 Deuterom ycotina (Mitosporic Fungi) ..............................................36 6 Morphology of Soil Fungi .................................................39 Mastigom ycotina ..................................................................39 Zygom ycotina ............................................................................93 Ascom ycotina ....................................................................133 Basidiom ycotina ...............................................................177 Deuterom ycotina (Mitosporic Fungi) .....................................................183