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PART ONE FROM SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES TO SEMANTIC MAPS
1. Syntactic Argumentation and Radical Construction Grammar
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Methodology and Theory in Syntax
1.2.1. The basic question of syntactic analysis
1.2.2. Distributional analysis: the basic method of syntactic
argumentation
1.3. Constructions and Construction Grammar
1.3.1. Arguments for construction grammar
1.3.2. Syntactic and semantic structure: the anatomy of
a construction
1.3.3. The organization of constructions in a construction
grammar
1.4. Distributional Analysis and Cross-linguistic Universals
1.4.1. Problems in using distributional analysis across
languages
1.4.2. Cross-linguistic methodological opportunism and its
problems
1.4.3. An alternative view: there is no universal inventory of
atomic primitives
1.5. Distributional Analysis and the Representation of Particular
Language Grammars
1.5.1. Problems in using distributional analysis in particular
languages
1.5.2. Language-internal methodological opportunism and its
problems
1.5.3. An alternative view: there are no atomic grammatical
primitives
1.6. Radical Construction Grammar: Frequently Asked
Questions
1.6.1. How can you have a syntactic theory without atomic
primitive units?
1.6.2. Can't these facts be captured by a feature-based
approach to categories, or by a categorial grammar
approach?
1.6.3. Doesn't RCG create a hopeless proliferation of categories?
How do you label them all?
1.6.4. If categories are defined relative to constructions, how do
you identify constructions?
1.6.5. How do you capture generalizations for categories across
constructions in RCG?
1.6.6. How can a child acquire a grammar without atomic
primitive categories?
1.6.7. How does RCG relate to other versions of construction
grammar?
1.6.8. How can I use RCG for grammatical description if all
categories are construction-specific and constructions are
language-specific?
1.6.9. If categories are construction-specific and constructions
are language-specific, does this mean that there is no
Universal Grammar, and no language universals?
1.7. Conclusion and Prospects
2. Parts of Speech
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The Alleged Absence of Parts of Speech in Particular
Languages
2.2.1. A "lumping" typological theory of parts of speech
2.2.2. A critique of "lumping" theories of parts of speech
2.2.3. Semantic shift and zero coding
2.3. From Lumping to Splitting
2.3.1. Distributional analysis and the analysis of parts
of speech
2.3.2. Splitting: where does one stop?
2.3.3. Further problems with distributional analysis and parts
of speech
2.4. Conceptual Space, Semantic Maps and a Universal Theory of
Parts of Speech
2.4.1. Separating the universal from the language-particular
2.4.2. The universal-typological theory of parts of speech
2.4.3. Conceptual space and semantic maps
2.4.4. Typological markedness and the topography of
conceptual space
2.4.5. Functional prototypes and the Grammatical Category
Structure Hypothesis
2.4.6. The universal-typological and Cognitive Grammar
theories of parts of speech
2.5. Integrating the Language-particular and the Universal in the
Representation of Grammatical Knowledge
3. Syntactic Categories and Semantic Relativity
3.1. The Relationship between Form and Meaning
3.2. Hidden Assumptions in Arguments for Semantic Relativity
3.2.1. Contrast
3.2.2. One-to-one form-meaning mapping
3.2.3. Redundancy in expression
3.2.4. The Semantic Uncertainty Principle
3.3. The Dynamic, Fluctuating Character of Linguistic
"Relativity"
3.4. Semantic Universals, Relativity, and Radical Construction
Grammar
4. Clausal Syntactic Roles ("Grammatical Relations")
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Language Universals without Universal Syntactic Roles
4.2.1. "Accusative" vs. "ergative" languages
4.2.2. Hierarchies of A/S/P role categories
4.2.3. Hierarchies of coding object roles
4.2.4. Conclusion
4.3. Language Universals without Global Syntactic Roles
4.3.1. Arguments for and against global (and universal)
syntactic roles
4.3.2. The Subject Construction Hierarchy
4.3.3. Diachronic reality of the Subject Construction
Hierarchy
4.3.4. A conceptual space representation for the Subject
Construction Hierarchy
4.4. Some Further Complications
4.4.1. Split intransitivity and the subject prototype
4.4.2. Ergativity and quantification
4.4.3. Split ergativity
4.5. Conclusion
PART TWO FROM SYNTACTIC RELATIONS TO SYMBOLIC RELATIONS
5. Dependency, Constituency, and Linear Order
5.1. Introduction
5.1.1. The internal structure of constructions
5.1.2. Coded dependencies and collocational dependencies
5.2. Collocational Dependencies as Semantic Relations
5.3. Constituency and Linear Order
5.3.1. Arguments for constituency
5.3.2. From constituency to formal grouping
5.3.3. Linear order and formal grouping
5.4. Overtly Coded Dependencies
5.4.1. Typological classification of overtly coded
dependencies
5.4.2. Mismatches among overtly coded dependencies,
contiguity, and linear order
5.5. Conclusion
6. A Radical Approach to Syntactic Relations
6.1. The Logical Argument against Syntactic Relations
6.2. Syntactic Relations vs. Symbolic Relations
6.2.1. Unlikely semantic dependencies
6.2.2. Proposition vs. Subject-Predicate construal
6.2.3. Clause collapsing
6.3. Syntactic Relations vs. Syntactic Roles
6.3.1. Relative order of three or more elements
6.3.2. Second position
6.3.3. Nested relational coded dependencies
6.3.4. Absence of one of the units in a syntactic relation
6.3.5. Optionality or absence of an overtly coded
dependency
6.4. Comprehending Constructions without Syntactic
Relations
6.4.1. The identification of semantic roles via morphosyntactic
devices
6.4.2. The identification of constructions
6.4.3. The scaffolding metaphor and the semi-iconicity
of syntax
7. Heads, Arguments, and Adjuncts
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Criteria for Headhood
7.2.1. Functor criteria
7.2.2. Base criteria
7.2.3. Head criteria
7.3. Deconstructing Heads
7.3.1. Agreement
7.3.2. Subcategorization, government, and construction
grammar
7.3.3. Obligatoriness and distributional equivalence
7.3.4. The syntactic category determinant and the
morphosyntactic locus
7.4. A Semantic Definition of "Head"
7.4.1. Heads and profile equivalents
7.4.3. Heads and PIBUs
7.5. Grammaticalization and the PIBU Profile Equivalent
7.5.1. Auxiliaries and articles
7.5.2. Numerals, quantifiers, and classifiers
7.5.3. Adpositions
7.5.4. Complementizers
7.5.5. Copulas
7.5.6. PIBUs in other syntactic processes
7.6. "Heads" and Roots in Morphology
7.7. The Argument-Adjunct Distinction
7.7.1. Criteria for the argument-adjunct distinction
7.7.2. Valence and the autonomy-dependence continuum
7.7.3. Symbolic instantiation in constructions
PART THREE FROM UNIVERSAL CONSTRUCTIONS TO
SYNTACTIC SPACE
8. The Voice Continuum
8.1. Introduction
8.1.1. Do language universals need universal constructions?
8.1.2. Active, passive, inverse: delimiting the grammatical domain
8.2. Prelude: Animacy Constraints in Actives and Passives
8.3. The Structural Variety of Actives and Passives
8.3.1. Some so-called passives
8.3.2. Some so-called inverses
8.4. Blurring the Active-Nonactive Distinction
8.4.1. Some so-called "passives" and ergatives
8.4.2. Philippine voice systems
8.4.3. Person-based split ergative systems
8.5. A Typological-Universal Analysis of Voice Constructions
8.5.1. Syntactic space and the nonuniversality of
constructions
8.5.2. Universals of syntactic space
9. The Coordination-Subordination Continuum