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Acknowledgements ..................................................................................v Contents . ... ............. . ....... ....;...............vii Place-Names............................................................................xv Abbreviations .................................................................xvi Sources and Bibliography ....................................................................xvii Introduction .................................. ................................................... CHAPTER ONE AN APOSTOLIC CHURCH AT THE CROSSROADS .............................................4 1. 1. The Geographical and the Political Setting ...........................5 1. 2. The Ecclesiastical Background .........................................7 1.2. 1. The Missionaries and the Mission-field ...........................15 1. 2. 2.. The Missionaries without Mission ..............................20 1.2.2. 1. The Choice of Raphael Figueredo ............................21 1.2. 2. 2. Mar Simon and his Suspicious Death in Pondichery ..........22 1. 2. 2. 3. The Unchristian Behaviour of the Missionaries ................23 1. 2. 2. 4. The Failure of the Carmelites to Establish a Separate Seminary for the St Thomas Christians .........25 1. 2. 2. 5. Lack of Interest for the Reunion of the Non-Catholic Thomas Christians .........................26 1. 2. 2. 6. The Desire for a National Leader and the Poor Response of the Missionaries ...................28 1. 2. 2. 7. Conflicts among the Carmelite Missionaries ..................29 1. 3. Death of Bishop Florence and the later Developments.............31 1. 4. Francis Sales, the New Vicar Apostolic ...........................33 1. 4. 1. The Removal of Fr. Anastasius and the Consequent Rebellion ........................................36 1. 4. 2. The Vicar Apostolic Flees to Alengad ............................37 1. 4. 3. Exclusion of the Carmelites from the Malabar Churches.......38 1. 5. The Padroado Presence ...............................................40 CHAPTER TWO THE EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL LEADERS: THE CAUSE OF THE MALABAR COMMUNITY IN THE HANDS OF HER OWN SONS ........................44 2. 1. Mar Joseph Cariattil (1742-1786) ....................................45 2. 1. 1. Ecclesiastical Formation in Rome ..................................46 2. 1. 2. Malpan in the Seminary at Alengad ............................. 47 2. 1. 3. A Loyal Son of Propaganda .......................................48 2. 1.4. The Emerging Leader of the Malabar Community ..............51 2. 2. Cathanar Thomas Paremmakkal (1736-1799) ......................54 2. 2. 1. A Priest under the Padroado Jurisdiction .........................55 2. 2. 2. The Emerging Leader .............................................. 55 2. 2. 3. The Vicissitudes of Varthamanappusthakam .....................57 2. 3. Thachil Mathoo Tharakan (1741 - 1814) ......... .......................59 2.3. 1. An Influential Christian Leader .................................61 2. 3. 2. Tharakan at the Service of the Christian Community .........63 2. 4. Mar Dionysius The Great (1728-1808) .............................64 2. 5. The Malabar Church Assembly Sends Its Representatives to Rome and Lisbon ...............................69 2. 6. Description of the Voyage ............................................72 CHAPTER THREE THE LATIN PRELATES AND ST THOMAS Christians .................................................76 3. 1. The Return of Bishop Francis Sales to Varapuzha ..... .............76 3. 1. 1. Consequences of the Return of Bishop Francis Sales to Varapuzha .................................78 3. 1. 2. Sending of Fr. John of St Margaret to Rome .....................80 3. 2. The Decision of the Congregation on the Malabar Mission..... 82 3.2. 1. Bishop Charles of St Conrad in Malabar as Apostolic Administrator and the Resignation of Bishop Francis Sales ............................................. 83 3. 2. 2. Bishop Francis Leaves the Malabar Mission .....................87 3. 3. The Nomination of Fr. John Mary of St Margaret .................88 3. 3. 1. The Revocation of the Nomination .................................91 3.3. 2. The Malabar Representatives and the Decision of the Congregation on Fr.John of St Margaret....92 3. 4. Fr. John Mary of St Thomas, the New Vicar Apostolic ..........93 3. 5. Bishop Charles of St Conrad Leaves Malabar ...................94 3.6. Fr. Aloysius Mary of Jesus, the New Vicar Apostolic of Malabar ..............................96 3. 6. 1. Fr. Aloysius Mary as a Missionary .............................97 3. 6. 2. Fr. Aloysius Mary as Vicar Apostolic of Malabar ............98 3. 7. The Archdiocese of Kodungallur ..... ...................................101 CHAPTER FOUR MAR JOSEPH CARIATTIL: THE ARCHBISHOP OF KODUNGALLUR ............... .104 4. 1. The Malabar Representatives in Lisbon ............................104 4. 2. The Mission of the Representatives in Rome ......................109 4. 2. 1. The Rom an Realities ...............................................109, 4. 2. 2. The Petition of Cariattil and Paremmakkal for the Needs of the St Thomas Christians ..................................... 111 4. 3. The Malabar Representatives Back in Lisbon ....................112. 4. 4. Malpan Cariattil, the Archbishop of Kodungallur ................. 114 4. 4. 1. Doubts on the Archiepiscopal Status of Kodungallur ..........117 4. 4. 2. Decision on the Archiepiscopal Status of Kodungallur ......... 121: 4. 4. 3. The Episcopal Ordination ......................................... 122 4. 4. 4. The Change of Rite .............. ............ ........... ............ 4.5 The Propaganda and Archbishop Mar Joseph Cariattil .......... 123 CHAPTER FIVE EFFORTS TO RESTORE UNITY AMONG THE ST. THOMAS CHRISTIANS ........................................ 132 5.1 Reunion Efforts until 1778 ...................................................... 133 5.1.1. Mar Thoma VI: The New Head of the Non-Catholic Thomas Christians .......................................136 5.1.2. Mar Thoma VI Becomes Mar Dionysius I............................. 137 5.1.3 The Malabar Independent Syrian Church or the Thozhiyur Church ............................................................ 138 5.2 Distinguishing Features of Catholics and Non-Catholics ....... 139 5.3 The Efforts of the Malabar Representatives ........................... 140 5.3.1. The Representatives in Rome ........................................................... 141 5.3.2. Petitions to Pope Pius VI ............................................. 141 5.3.2.1. The Petition and Profession of Faith of Mar Dionysius ........ 142 5.3.2.2. The Petition of Cariattil and Paremmakkal for the Reunion of Mar Dionysius I ... ..................................... 143 5.3.2.3. The Letter of the Malabar Church Assembly ......................... 144 5.3.2.4. The Petition of Cariattil and Paremmakkal for the Needs of the Malabar Church ..................................... 144 5.4. The Cause of Mar Dionysius between Padroado and Propaganda ....................................................... 146 5.4.1. The Response of Propaganda .................................................. 146 5.4.2. The Intervention of Padroado .................................................. 147 5.5. New Phase in the Reunion Movement ................................... 148 5.5.1. Propaganda and Reunion ....................................................... 148 5.5.2. The Letter of Propaganda and the Report of Padroado ......... 151 5.6. The Missionaries and the Reunion .......................................... 158 5.7. Efforts of Mar Dionysius I ..................................................... 160 5.8. Archbishop Cariattil is Commissioned to Receive M ar Dionysius. .......................................................... 162 5.8.1. The Intervention of Padroado ............................................... 165 5.8.2. The Interest of the Malabar Community for the Reunion .... 166 5.9. Bishop Aloysius Mary and the Reunion........................................167 CHAPTER SIX THE ECCLESIASTICAL LIFE OF THE ST THOMAS CHRISTIANS .............. ............... .............. .....170 6. 1. The Strength of the Church and Its Administration ..............170 6. 2. The Report of Bishop Aloysius Mary of Jesus ...................173 6. 3. Everyday Christian Life .......................... .................. 179 6. 4. Mixed Churches and Non-Catholic Thomas Christians .......... 183 6. 5. Jurisdictional Problems ............................................ ...184 6. 6. Some Particular Customs and Practices of the St Thomas Christians .................. ... ....186 6. 6. 1. The Practice of Agape ......... .............. ............ 186 6. 6. 2. Marriage Customs ................................................ 187 6. 6. 3. The Church Punishment ......................................187 6. 7. The Priestly Formation ..........................................188 6. 8. The Missionaries and Their Duties and Obligations ..........195 6. 8. 1. Parish V isits ...................................... ............200 6. 8. 2. The Conversion Work ........................................200 6. 9. The Church and State Relations .................................202 CHAPTER SEVEN THE DEATH OF MAR CARIATTIL AND THE DEVELOPMENTS THEREAFTER ......... ...............206 7. 1. The Return Journey from Lisbon ..............................206 7.2. The Tragic Death of Mar Cariattil ..............................211 7. 2. 1. The Spontaneous Reaction of the St Thomas Christians to the death of Mar Cariattil......... 211 7. 2. 2. Paremmakkal on the Death of Mar Cariattil ..............213 7. 2. 3. Local Tradition on the Death of Mar Cariattil ............214 7. 2. 4. The Missionaries on the Death of Mar Cariattil ..........216 7. 2. 5. An Event that still Remains a Mystery ...................217 7. 3. Consequences of this Tragic Event .............................218 6. 4. Thomas Paremmakkal: Governor of the St Thomas Christians .......... .........................................219 7. 5. The Angamaly Padiola ..........................................221 7. 5. 1. The names of the Churches which signed the Padiola ..223 7. 5.2. A Brief Description of the Padiola ......................225 7. 5. 3. The Penalty Paid by the Missionaries and the Community .............. . ... i . . .. ... 228