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Contributors xv Acknowledgements xxii Chapter 1 Architecture and representations in phonology Charles Cairns and Eric Raimy 1.1 Architecture and representations in phonology 1 1.2 Phonetics and Phonology as Distinct Components 3 1.3 Modularity within Phonology: The Syllable and the Foot 7 1.4 Modularity producing emergent phenomena 18 1.5 Organization of the volume 24 1.5.1 Features 24 1.5.2 The syllable 26 1.5.3 Stress 28 1.5.4 Architecture 30 1.5.5 Interactions 32 References 35 Phonological Features Chapter 2 The role of features in phonological inventories G. Nick Clements 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Features: Their nature and cognitive status 43 2.3 Data and method 49 2.4 Feature bounding 53 2.5 Feature economy 59 2.6 Marked feature avoidance 68 2.6.1 Markedness and feature economy 68 2.6.2 Which value of a feature is marked? 72 2.6.3 Marked feature avoidance 80 2.6.4 Marked segment types appear in larger inventories 87 2.6.5 Summary 91 2.7 Robustness 91 2.8 Phonological enhancement 106 2.9 Illustrations 115 2.10 Summary and discussion 119 Notes 126 References 137 Chapter 3 Commentary on Clements Morris Halle 158 References 166 Chapter 4 The role of features in a symbolic theory of phonology: comments on Clements Bert Vaux 169 4.1 Faulty Database 174 4.1.1 Phonetics 175 4.1.2 Phonology 179 4.1.3 Summary of database flaws 182 4.2 Problems with the feature set 183 4.3 Markedness 185 4.4 What and where is economy? 188 4.5 Conclusions 190 Notes 193 References 196 The Syllable Chapter 5 The appendix Bert Vaux and Andrew Wolfe 5.1 Introduction 232 5.1.1 Delimiting the discussion 236 5.2 Complex onsets and codas 240 5.3 The appendix 244 5.3.1 Evidence for the appendix 245 5.3.1.1 External evidence 246 5.3.1.1.1 Child language errors 246 5.3.1.1.2 Aphasic speech 247 5.3.1.1.3 Psycholinguistic evidence 248 5.3.1.1.4 Typology 250 5.3.1.1.5 Metrical scansion 251 5.3.1.2 Internal evidence 251 5.3.1.2.1 Phonetics 252 5.3.1.2.2 Phonotactics and sonority 253 5.3.1.2.3 Phonological rules 254 5.3.1.2.4 Syllable weight 257 5.3.1.2.5 Rules that refer to syllable affiliation or position 259 5.3.1.2.6 Prosodic morphological processes 262 5.3.1.2.6.1 Reduplication 263 5.3.1.2.6.2 Infixation 265 5.3.1.2.6.3 Morpheme selection 267 5.3.2 Formal representation of the appendix 269 5.4 Degenerate syllables 273 5.5 Conclusions 284 Notes 286 References 299 Chapter 6 Phonological representations and the Vaux- Wolfe Proposal Charles Cairns 326 6.1 Prosodic licensing 328 6.2 The prosodic hierarchy and 3-D phonology 330 6.3 The internal structure of the syllable 338 6.4 The sonority sequencing principle 345 6.5 Reanalysis of the Rialland facts 353 6.6 Conclusion 356 Notes 359 References 363 Chapter 7 Does sonority have a phonetic basis? G. Nick Clements 370 Notes 390 References 391 Chapter 8 A case of appendicitis Eric Raimy 396 8.1 Reduplication and infixation in Nxaʿamcán 397 8.2 Reduplication in Thao 410 8.3 Conclusion 413 Notes 415 References 417 Metrical Structure Chapter 9 Calculating metrical structure William J. Idsardi 9.1 Introduction 419 9.2 Rules and machines 419 9.3 Case studies 431 9.3.1 Old English 431 9.3.2 Auca 433 9.3.3 Winnebago 435 9.3.4 Tripura Bangla 436 9.4 Automata for Optimality Theory 440 9.5 Conclusions 442 References 444 Chapter 10 Stress assignment in Tiberian Hebrew B. Elan Dresher 10.1 Introduction 448 10.2 Earlier approaches: Metrical overwriting 449 10.3 An SBG analysis 457 10.4 The opacity of metrical structure assignment in Tiberian Hebrew 460 Notes 463 References 464 Chapter 11 Brackets and grid marks, or theories of primary accent and rhythm Harry van der Hulst 11.1 Introduction 468 11.2 Word accentuation 469 11.2.1 Standard metrical theory 469 11.2.2 Reversing the order of things and why 470 11.2.3 Primary accent theory: How does it work? 476 11.3 Bounded systems 479 11.3.1 Weight-sensitive bounded systems 479 11.3.2 Weight-insensitive bounded systems 482 11.4 Unbounded systems 484 11.5 Constituent structure 487 11.6 Count systems 489 11.7 Simplified Bracketed Grid theory (Idsardi⿿s system) 495 11.8 Conclusions 501 Notes 503 References 505 Chapter 12 Long distance dependencies and other formal issues in phonology Charles Reiss 12.1 Introduction 513 12.2 Idsardi⿿s appeal to Finite State Automata 513 12.2.1 Neutral vowels and Finite State Automata 513 12.2.2 Natural classes and FSAs 517 12.3 Directionality and foot boundaries 520 12.3.1 Directionality in the Halle and Idsardi model 522 12.4 Nondirected foot boundary markers 523 12.5 Undesirably footed marks 525 12.6 Conclusions 530 Notes 533 References 534 Architecture Chapter 13 Markedness theory vs. phonological Idiosyncracies in a realistic model of language Andrea Calabrese 13.1 Introduction 536 13.2 The markedness module 540 13.3 The rule component 556 13.4 More on the markedness module 559 13.5 Visibility theory and spotlighting 571 13.6 Derivations 577 13.7 Historical changes 590 13.8 Conclusion 596 Notes 598 References 603 Chapter 14 Comments on diachrony in Calabrese⿿s ⿿Markedness Theory vs. Phonological Idiosyncracies in a Realistic Model of Language⿥ Ellen Kaisse 615 Notes 628 References 630 Chapter 15 Nuancing markedness: a place for contrast Keren Rice 15.1 Overview of ⿿ Markedness theory vs. phonological idiosyncrasies in a realistic model of phonology⿿ 632 15.2 Substance and markedness in phonology 633 15.3 Substance and markedness in sound changes 634 15.4 Substance, markedness and contrast in phonology 641 15.5 Conclusion 647 References 649 Interactions Chapter 16 Phonetic explanations for recurrent sound patterns: Diachronic or Synchronic? Juliette Blevins 16.1 Sources of similarity 657 16.2 Phonetic explanation 661 16.3 Modeling phonological knowledge 672 16.4 Concluding remarks 676 References 679 Chapter 17 Phonetic influence on phonological operations Thomas Purnell 17.1 Introduction 687 17.2 Predictive power 693 17.3 Layering and selection of phonetic cues 708 17.4 Conclusion 716 Notes 720 References 723 Chapter 18 Rule application in phonology Morris Halle and Andrew Nevins 18.1 Introduction 736 18.2 The Regularity of Morphological Structure (and how it may be obscured) 740 18.3 Exceptional Rule Non-Application in the Czech Declension 755 18.4 Cyclic and Post-Cyclic Rule Interaction in the Serbo-Croatian Genitive Plural 767 Notes 780 References 786 Chapter 19 Deriving reduplicative templates in a modular fashion Eric Raimy 791 19.1 Formal underpinnings of a theory of reduplication 792 19.2 Organic constraint I: grammatical architecture 800 19.3 Organic constraint II: phonological computation 808 19.4 Organic constraint III: language acquisition 817 19.5 Conclusions 828 References 830 Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Grammar, Comparative and general -- Phonology -- Methodology.