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Part I Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Personality Theory What Is Personality? What Is a Theory? Theory Defined Theory and Its Relatives Philosophy Speculation Hypothesis Taxonomy Why Different Theories? Theorists¿ Personalities and Their Theories of Personality What Makes a Theory Useful? Generates Research Is Falsifiable Organizes Data Guides Action Is Internally Consistent Is Parsimonious Dimensions for a Concept of Humanity Research in Personality Theory Psychodynamic Theories CHAPTER 2 Freud: Psychoanalysis Overview of Psychoanalytic Theory Biography of Sigmund Freud Levels of Mental Life Unconscious Preconscious Conscious Provinces of the Mind The Id The Ego The Superego Dynamics of Personality Drives Sex Aggression Anxiety Defense Mechanisms Repression Reaction Formation Displacement Fixation Regression Projection Introjection Sublimation Stages of Development Infantile Period Oral Phase Anal Phase Phallic Phase Male Oedipus Complex Female Oedipus Complex Latency Period Genital Period Maturity Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory Freud¿s Early Therapeutic Technique Freud¿s Later Therapeutic Technique Dream Analysis Freudian Slips Related Research Unconscious Mental Processing Pleasure and the Id: Inhibition and the Ego Repression, Inhibition, and Defense Mechanisms Research on Dreams Critique of Freud Did Freud Understand Women? Was Freud a Scientist? Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 3 Adler: Individual Psychology Overview of Individual Psychology Biography of Alfred Adler Introduction to Adlerian Theory Striving for Success or Superiority The Final Goal The Striving Force as Compensation Striving for Personal Superiority Striving for Success Subjective Perceptions Fictionalism Physical Inferiorities Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality Organ Dialect Conscious and Unconscious Social Interest Origins of Social Interest Importance of Social Interest 77 Style of Life Creative Power Abnormal Development General Description External Factors in Maladjustment Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies Pampered Style of Life Neglected Style of Life Safeguarding Tendencies Excuses Aggression Withdrawal Masculine Protest Origins of the Masculine Protest Adler, Freud, and the Masculine Protest Applications of Individual Psychology Family Constellation Early Recollections Dreams Psychotherapy Related Research Early Recollections and Career Choice Early Childhood and Health-Related Issues Early Recollections and Counseling Outcomes Critique of Adler Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 4 Jung: Analytical Psychology Overview of Analytical Psychology Biography of Carl Jung Levels of the Psyche Conscious Personal Unconscious Collective Unconscious 1 Archetypes Persona Shadow Anima Animus Great Mother Wise Old Man Hero Self Dynamics of Personality Causality and Teleology Progression and Regression Psychological Types Attitudes Introversion Extraversion Functions Thinking Feeling Sensing Intuiting Development of Personality Stages of Development Childhood Youth Middle Life Old Age Self-Realization Jung¿s Methods of Investigation Word Association Test Dream Analysis Active Imagination Psychotherapy Related Research Personality Type and Investing Money Personality Type and Interest in and Attrition from Engineering Critique of Jung Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 5 KLEIN: OBJECT RELATIONS Theory Overview of Object Relations Theory Biography of Melanie Klein Introduction to Object Relations Theory Psychic Life of the Infant Phantasies Objects Positions Paranoid-Schizoid Position Depressive Position Psychic Defense Mechanisms Introjection Projection Splitting Projective Identification Internalizations Ego Superego Oedipus Complex Female Oedipal Development Male Oedipal Development Later Views on Object Relations Margaret Mahler¿s View Heinz Kohut¿s View John Bowlby¿s Attachment Theory Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation Psychotherapy Related Research Object Relation and Eating Disorders Attachment Theory and Adult Relationships Critique of Object Relations Theory Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 6 Horney: Psychoanalytic Social Theory Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory Biography of Karen Horney Introduction to Psychoanalytic Social Theory Horney and Freud Compared The Impact of Culture The Importance of Childhood Experiences Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety Compulsive Drives Neurotic Needs Neurotic Trends Moving Toward People Moving Against People Moving Away from People Intrapsychic Conflicts The Idealized Self-Image The Neurotic Search for Glory Neurotic Claims Neurotic Pride Self-Hatred Feminine Psychology Psychotherapy Related Research The Neurotic Compulsion to Avoid the Negative Can Neuroticism Ever Be a Good Thing? Critique of Horney Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 7 Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis Overview of Humanistic Psychoanalysis Biography of Erich Fromm Fromm¿s Basic Assumptions Human Needs Relatedness Transcendence Rootedness Sense of Identity Frame of Orientation Summary of Human Needs The Burden of Freedom Mechanisms of Escape Authoritarianism Destructiveness Conformity Positive Freedom Character Orientations Nonproductive Orientations Receptive Exploitative Hoarding Marketing The Productive Orientation Personality Disorders Necrophilia Malignant Narcissism Incestuous Symbiosis Psychotherapy Fromm¿s Methods of Investigation Social Character in a Mexican Village A Psychohistorical Study of Hitler Related Research Estrangement from Culture and Well-being The Burden of Freedom and Political Persuasions Critique of Fromm Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 8 SULLIVAN: INTERPERSONAL THEORY 210 Overview of Interpersonal Theory Biography of Harry Stack Sullivan Tensions Needs Anxiety Energy Transformations Dynamisms Malevolence Intimacy Lust Self-System Personifications Bad-Mother, Good-Mother Me Personifications Eidetic Personifications Levels of Cognition Prototaxic Level Parataxic Level Syntaxic Level Stages of Development Infancy Childhood Juvenile Era Preadolescence Early Adolescence Late Adolescence Adulthood Psychological Disorders Psychotherapy Related Research The Pros and Cons of ¿Chums¿ for Boys and Girls Imaginary Friends Critique of Sullivan Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 9 ERIKSON: POST-FREUDIAN THEORY Overview of Post-Freudian Theory Biography of Erik Erikson The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory Society¿s Influence Epigenetic Principle Stages of Psychosocial Development Infancy Oral-Sensory Mode Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust Hope: The Basic Strength of Infancy Early Childhood Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt Will: The Basic Strength of Early Childhood Play Age Genital-Locomotor Mode Initiative Versus Guilt Purpose: The Basic Strength of the Play Age School Age Latency Industry Versus Inferiority Competence: The Basic Strength of the School Age Adolescence Puberty Identity Versus Identity Confusion Fidelity: The Basic Strength of Adolescence Young Adulthood Genitality Intimacy Versus Isolation Love: The Basic Strength of Young Adulthood Adulthood Procreativity Generativity Versus Stagnation Care: The Basic Strength of Adulthood Old Age Generalized Sensuality Integrity Versus Despair Wisdom: The Basic Strength of Old Age Summary of the Life Cycle Erikson¿s Methods of Investigation Anthropological Studies Psychohistory Related Research Generativity and Parenting Generativity vs. Stagnation Critique of Erikson Concept of Humanity Humanistic/Existential Theories CHAPTER 10 Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory Overview of Holistic-Dynamic Theory Biography of Abraham H. Maslow Maslow¿s View of Motivation Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Needs Safety Needs Love and Belongingness Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs Aesthetic Needs Cognitive Needs Neurotic Needs General Discussion of Needs Reversed Order of Needs Unmotivated Behavior Expressive and Coping Behavior Deprivation of Needs Instinctoid Nature of Needs Comparison of Higher and Lower Needs Self-Actualization Maslow¿s Quest for the Self-Actualizing Person Criteria for Self-Actualization Values of Self-Actualizers Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People More Efficient Perception of Reality Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness Problem-Centering The Need for Privacy Autonomy Continued Freshness of Appreciation The Peak Experience Gemeinschaftsgefühl Profound Interpersonal Relations The Democratic Character Structure Discrimination Between Means and Ends Philosophical Sense of Humor Creativeness Resistance to Enculturation Love, Sex, and Self-Actualization Philosophy of Science Measuring Self-Actualization The Jonah Complex Psychotherapy Related Research Positive Psychology Personality Development, Growth, and Goals Critique of Maslow Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 11 ROGERS: PERSON-CENTERED Theory Overview of Client-Centered Theory Biography of Carl Rogers Person-Centered Theory Basic Assumptions Formative Tendency Actualizing Tendency The Self and Self-Actualization The Self-Concept The Ideal Self Awareness Levels of Awareness Denial of Positive Experiences Becoming a Person Barriers to Psychological Health Conditions of Worth Incongruence Vulnerability Anxiety and Threat Defensiveness Disorganization Psychotherapy Conditions Counselor Congruence Unconditional Positive Regard Empathic Listening Process Stages of Therapeutic Change Theoretical Explanation for Therapeutic Change Outcomes The Person of Tomorrow Philosophy of Science The Chicago Studies Hypotheses Method Findings Summary of Results Related Research Self-Discrepancy Theory Motivation and Pursuing One¿s Goal Critique of Rogers Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 12 MAY: EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY Overview of Existential Psychology Biography of Rollo May Background of Existentialism What Is Existentialism? Basic Concepts Being-in-the-World Nonbeing The Case of Philip Anxiety Normal Anxiety Neurotic Anxiety Guilt Intentionality Care, Love, and Will Union of Love and Will Forms of Love Sex Eros Philia Agape Freedom and Destiny Freedom Defined Forms of Freedom Existential Freedom Essential Freedom What Is Destiny? Philip¿s Destiny The Power of Myth Psychopathology Psychotherapy Related Research Mortality Salience and Denial of Our Animal Nature Fitness as a Defense Against Mortality Awareness Critque of May Concept of Humanity Dispositional Theories CHAPTER 13 Allport: Psychology of the Individual Overview of Allport¿s Psychology of the Individual Biography of Gordon Allport Allport¿s Approach to Personality Theory What Is Personality? What Is the Role of Conscious Motivation? What Are the Characteristics of a Healthy Person? Structure of Personality Personal Dispositions Levels of Personal Dispositions Cardinal Dispositions Central Dispositions Secondary Dispositions Motivational and Stylistic Dispositions Proprium Motivation A Theory of Motivation Functional Autonomy Preservative Functional Autonomy Propriate Functional Autonomy Criterion for Functional Autonomy Processes That Are Not Functionally Autonomous The Study of the Individual Morphogenic Science The Diaries of Marion Taylor Letters from Jenny Related Research Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Religious Orientation How to Reduce Prejudice: Optimal Contact Critique of Allport Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 14 Eysenck, McCrae, and Costa: Trait and Factor Theory Overview of Trait and Factor Theories Biography of Hans J. Eysenck The Pioneering Work of Raymond B. Cattell Basics of Factor Analysis Eysenck¿s Factor Theory Criteria for Identifying Factors Hierarchy of Behavior Organization Dimensions of Personality Extraversion Neuroticism Psychoticism Measuring Personality Biological Bases of Personality Personality as a Predictor Personality and Behavior Personality and Disease The Big Five: Taxonomy or Theory? Biographies of Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, Jr. In Search of the Big Five Five Factors Found Description of the Five Factors Evolution of the Five-Factor Theory Units of the Five-Factor Theory Core Components of Personality Basic Tendencies Characteristic Adaptations Self-Concept Peripheral Components Biological Bases Objective Biography External Influences Basic Postulates Postulates for Basic Tendencies Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations Related Research The Biology of Personality Traits Traits and Academics Traits and Emotion Critique of Trait and Factor Theories Concept of Humanity Learning Theories CHAPTER 15 SKINNER: BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS Overview of Behavioral Analysis Biography of B. F. Skinner Precursors to Skinner¿s Scientific Behaviorism Scientific Behaviorism Philosophy of Science Characteristics of Science Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Shaping Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Effects of Punishment Punishment and Reinforcement Compared Conditioned and Generalized Reinforcers Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-Ratio Variable-Ratio Fixed-Interval Variable-Interval Extinction The Human Organism Natural Selection Cultural Evolution Inner States Self-Awareness Drives Emotions Purpose and Intention Complex Behavior Higher Mental Processes Creativity Unconscious Behavior Dreams Social Behavior Control of Human Behavior Social Control Self-Control The Unhealthy Personality Counteracting Strategies Inappropriate Behaviors Psychotherapy Related Research How Conditioning Affects Personality How Personality Affects Conditioning Reinforcement and the Brain Critique of Skinner Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 16 Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory Overview of Social Cognitive Theory Biography of Albert Bandura Learning Observational Learning Modeling Processes Governing Observational Learning Attention Representation Behavioral Production Motivation Enactive Learning Triadic Reciprocal Causation An Example of Triadic Reciprocal Causation Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events Human Agency Core Features of Human Agency Self-Efficacy What Is Self-Efficacy? What Contributes to Self-Efficacy? Mastery Experiences Social Modeling Social Persuasion Physical and Emotional States Proxy Agency Collective Efficacy Self-Regulation External Factors in Self-Regulation Internal Factors in Self-Regulation Self-Observation Judgmental Process Self-Reaction Self-Regulation Through Moral Agency Redefine the Behavior Disregard or Distort the Consequences of Behavior Dehumanize or Blame the Victims Displace or Diffuse Responsibility Dysfunctional Behavior Depression Phobias Aggression Therapy Related Research Self-Efficacy and Terrorism Self-Efficacy and Diabetes Critique of Bandura Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 17 Rotter and Mischel: Cognitive Social Learning Theory Overview of Cognitive Social Learning Theory Biography of Julian Rotter Introduction to Rotter¿s Social Learning Theory Predicting Specific Behaviors Behavior Potential Expectancy Reinforcement Value Psychological Situation Basic Prediction Formula Predicting General Behaviors Generalized Expectancies Needs Categories of Needs Recognition-Status Dominance Independence Protection-Dependency Love and Affection Physical Comfort Need Components Need Potential Freedom of Movement Need Value General Prediction Formula Internal and External Control of Reinforcement Interpersonal Trust Scale Maladaptive Behavior Psychotherapy Changing Goals Eliminating Low Expectancies Introduction to Mischel¿s Personality Theory Biography of Walter Mischel Background of the Cognitive-Affective Personality System Consistency Paradox Person-Situation Interaction Cognitive-Affective Personality System Behavior Prediction Situation Variables Cognitive-Affective Units Encoding Strategies Competencies and Self-Regulatory Strategies Expectancies and Beliefs Goals and Values Affective Responses Related Research Locus of Control and Holocaust Heroes Person-Situation Interaction Critique of Cognitive Social Learning Theory Concept of Humanity CHAPTER 18 Kelly: Psychology of Personal Constructs Overview of Personal Construct Theory Biography of George Kelly Kelly¿s Philosophical Position Person as Scientist Scientist as Person Constructive Alternativism Personal Constructs Basic Postulate Supporting Corollaries Similarities Among Events Differences Among People Relationships Among Constructs Dichotomy of Constructs Choice Between Dichotomies Range of Convenience Experience and Learning Adaptation to Experience Incompatible Constructs Similarities Among People Social Processes Applications of Personal Construct Theory Abnormal Development Threat Fear Anxiety Guilt Psychotherapy The Rep Test Related Research Gender as a Personal Construct Smoking and Self-Concept Personal Constructs and the Big Five Critique of Kelly Concept of Humanity References R-0 Glossary G-1 Credits C-1 Name Index N-0 SUBJECT INDEX S-1
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Personality -- Textbooks.