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Contents Acknowledgments How to Use This Book Part I Culture and American Film 1 Introduction to the Study of Film Form and Representation 1 Film Form 1 American Ideologies: Discrimination and Resistance 5 Culture and Cultural Studies 17 Case Study: The Lion King (1994) 25 Questions for Discussion 29 Further Reading 30 2 The Structure and History of Hollywood Filmmaking 31 Hollywood vs. Independent Film 31 The Style of Hollywood Cinema 35 The Business of Hollywood 43 The History of Hollywood: The Movies Begin 47 The Classical Hollywood Cinema 50 World War II and Postwar Film 55 ¿New¿ Hollywood and the Blockbuster Mentality 61 Questions for Discussion 65 Further Reading 66 Further Screening 67 Part II Race and Ethnicity and American Film 68 Introduction to Part II: What is Race? 69 3 The Concept of Whiteness and American Film 74 Seeing White 75 Bleaching the Green: The Irish in American Cinema 82 Looking for Respect: Italians in American Cinema 89 A Special Case: Jews and Hollywood 95 Case Study: The Jazz Singer (1927) 102 Veiled and Reviled: Arabs on Film in America 105 Conclusion: Whiteness and American Film Today 114 Questions for Discussion 116 Further Reading 116 Further Screening 118 4 African Americans and American Film 119 African Americans in Early Film 119 Blacks in Classical Hollywood Cinema 125 World War II and the Postwar Social Problem Film 128 The Rise and Fall of Blaxploitation Filmmaking 132 Sidebar: Blacks on TV 135 Hollywood in the 1980s and the Arrival of Spike Lee 138 Black Independent Film vs. ¿Neo-Blaxploitation¿ Filmmaking 142 New Images for a New Century ¿ Or Not? 144 Case Study: Bamboozled (2000) 149 Questions for Discussion 152 Further Reading 153 Further Screening 154 5 Native Americans and American Film 155 The American ¿Indian¿ Before Film 157 Ethnographic Films and the Rise of the Hollywood Western 161 The Evolving Western 167 A Kinder, Gentler America? 173 Case Study: Smoke Signals (1998) 178 Conclusion: 21st-Century Indians? 180 Questions for Discussion 182 Further Reading 182 Further Screening 183 6 Asian Americans and American Film 184 Silent Film and Asian Images 186 Asians in Classical Hollywood Cinema 189 World War II and After: War Films, Miscegenation Melodramas, and Kung Fu 195 Contemporary Asian American Actors and Filmmakers 202 Case Study: Eat a Bowl of Tea (1989) 209 Questions for Discussion 211 Further Reading 212 Further Screening 213 7 Latinos and American Film 214 The Greaser and the Latin Lover: Alternating Stereotypes 218 World War II and After: The Good Neighbor Policy 222 The 1950s to the 1970s: Back to Business as Usual? 229 Expanding Opportunities in Recent Decades 232 Conclusion: A Backlash Against Chicanos? 239 Case Study: My Family/Mi Familia (1995) 241 Questions for Discussion 243 Further Reading 244 Further Screening 245 Part III Class and American Film 247 Introduction to Part III: What is Class? 248 8 Classical Hollywood Cinema and Class 255 Setting the Stage: The Industrial Revolution 255 Early Cinema: The Rise of the Horatio Alger Myth 258 Hollywood and Unionization 266 Class in the Classical Hollywood Cinema 270 Case Study: The Grapes of Wrath (1940) 274 Conclusion: Recloaking Class Consciousness 278 Questions for Discussion 279 Further Reading 279 Further Screening 280 9 Cinematic Class Struggle After the Depression 281 From World War II to the Red Scare 281 From Opulence to Counterculture 287 New Hollywood and the Resurrection of the Horatio Alger Myth 294 Case Study: Bulworth (1998) 303 Conclusion: Corporate Hollywood and Labor Today 306 Sidebar: Class on Television 310 Questions for Discussion 313 Further Reading 313 Further Screening 314 Part IV Gender and American Film 316 Introduction to Part IV: What is Gender? 317 10 Women in Classical Hollywood Filmmaking 324 Images of Women in Early Cinema 325 Early Female Filmmakers 331 Images of Women in 1930s Classical Hollywood 337 World War II and After 343 Case Study: All that Heaven Allows (1955) 348 Questions for Discussion 352 Further Reading 352 Further Screening 353 11 Exploring the Visual Parameters of Women in Film 354 Ways of Seeing 354 ¿Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema¿ 358 Case Study: Gilda (1946) 370 Conclusion: Complicating Mulvey¿s Arguments 373 Questions for Discussion 378 Further Reading 378 Further Screening 379 12 Masculinity in Classical Hollywood Filmmaking 380 Masculinity and Early Cinema 385 Masculinity and the Male Movie Star 388 World War II and Film Noir 395 Case Study: Dead Reckoning (1947) 401 Masculinity in 1950s American Film 403 Questions for Discussion 408 Further Reading 409 Further Screening 409 13 Gender in American Film Since the 1960s 411 Second Wave Feminism and Hollywood 411 Sidebar: Women and American Television 419 Into the 1980s: A Backlash against Women? 424 A New Generation of Female Filmmakers 429 Case Study: The Ballad of Little Jo (1993) 436 Conclusion: Gender at the Turn of the Millennium 439 Questions for Discussion 444 Further Reading 445 Further Screening 446 Part V Sexuality and American Film 447 Introduction to Part V: What is Sexuality? 448 14 Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, and Classical Hollywood 455 (Hetero)Sexuality on Screen 455 (Homo)Sexuality in Early Film 459 Censoring Sexuality during the Classical Hollywood Era 463 Postwar Sexualities and the Weakening of the Production Code 470 Camp and the Underground Cinema 477 Case Study: Queen Christina (1933) 481 Case Study: The Celluloid Closet (1995) 483 Questions for Discussion 485 Further Reading 486 Further Screening 487 15 Sexualities on Film Since the Sexual Revolution 488 Hollywood and the Sexual Revolution 488 Film and Gay Culture from Stonewall to AIDS 491 The AIDS Crisis 498 Sidebar: Queer TV 503 Queer Theory and New Queer Cinema 506 Case Study: Go Fish (1995) 513 Hollywood Responds to New Queer Cinema 514 (Hetero)Sexualities in Contemporary American Cinema 519 Questions for Discussion 523 Further Reading 524 Further Screening 525 Part VI Disability and American Film 526 Introduction to Part VI: What is Disability? 526 16 Cinematic Images of Disability 532 Disabled People in Early American Film: Curiosities and Freaks 533 Romanticizing Disability in Classical Hollywood Melodramas 539 Disability in War Movies and Social Problem Films 543 Disability and the Counterculture 549 Case Study: Children of a Lesser God (1986) 556 A More Enlightened Age? 560 Question for Discussion 566 Further Reading 567 Further Screening 568 Chapter 17: Making Connections 569 Case Study 1: Queen Christina (1933) 570 Case Study 2: The Old Maid (1939) 573 Case Study 3: The Gang¿s All Here (1943) 577 Case Study 4: Erin Brockovich (2000) 581 Case Study 5: 8 Mile (2002) 584 Case Study 6: Better Luck Tomorrow (2003) 590 Case Study 7: Saving Face (2004) 593 Case Study 8: Crash (2004) 597 Case Study 9: The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio (2005) 600 Case Study 10: Brokeback Mountain (2005) 603 Case Study 11: Quinceañera (2006) 607 Glossary 611 Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Minorities in motion pictures.
Motion pictures -- United States -- History.