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Contents List of Illustrations XXX Preface XXX Acknowledgments XXX PART 1 Paralegals and the American Legal System 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study of Law 3 Introduction 3 A. Legal Analysis 4 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 4 Case 2: The Harassed Student 5 1.Analyzing the Facts 5 2.Identifying the Appropriate Legal Rules 6 Practice Tip 6 3.Applying the Legal Rules to the Facts 6 Discussion Question 1 7 Discussion Question 2 8 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 8 4.Reporting the Results 8 B.Taking Actions on Behalf of the Client 9 Practice Tip 9 Ethics Alert 10 Legal Reasoning Exercises 2 10 Summary 12 Review Questions 12 Chapter2 Paralegals in the Legal System 13 Introduction 13 A.The Definition of Paralegal 14 1.Traditional Paralegals and Legal Assistants 15 Discussion Questions 1-3 17 2.Freelance Paralegals 17 Paralegal Profile: Jennifer Lerner 18 3.Legal Technicians, Lay Advocates, and Document Preparers 18 4.Independent Paralegals 19 5.Law Clerks and Document Clerks Working under the Supervision of an Attorney 19 Discussion Questions 4-7 19 B.Paralegal Education 20 1.Basic Qualifications 21 2.Formal Paralegal Education 21 3.The ABA Approval Process 22 4.American Association for Paralegal Education 22 C.Paralegal Professional Associations 22 Practice Tip 23 Paralegal Profile: Laurie Roselle 23 D.Registration, Certification, and Licensure 24 1.Registration 24 2.Certification 25 Ethics Alert 27 3.Licensing: Paralegals Who Work under the Supervision of an Attorney 27 4.Licensing: Legal Technicians and Paralegals Who Do Not Work under the Supervision of an Attorney 28 5.Indirect Regulation through Approval of Billing for Paralegal Time 29 6.Conclusion 30 Discussion Questions 8-9 30 E.What Paralegals Do 30 Ethics Alert 31 1.Communications with Clients 31 2.Research 31 Practice Tip 32 3.Drafting 32 4.Case Management 32 F.Where Paralegals Work and Law Office Personnel 32 1.The Law Office Environment 33 a.Types of Private Practice Arrangements 33 (1)Traditional Partnership 33 (2)Professional Corporation (PC) 34 (3)Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) 34 (4)Sole Proprietorship 34 (5)Office-Sharing Arrangements 35 b.Law Office Personnel 35 (1)Law Clerks, Investigators, and Librarians 35 (2)Clerical Support 35 (3)Managers and Administrators 36 c.Office Procedures Manual 36 d.Areas of Specialization 36 2.Other Forms of Practice 36 a.Legal Department of a Business 37 b.Legal Department in Government Agencies 37 Paralegal Profile: Maryann K. Burton 38 c.Other Variations 38 Discussion Questions 10-11 39 Summary 39 Review Questions 39 Chapter 3 Functions and Sources of Law 41 Introduction 41 Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress 41 A. Functions and Theories of Law 42 1. Definition of Law 42 2. Functions of Law 42 3. Theories of Jurisprudence 43 Discussion Questions 1-6 46 B. Sources of Law 46 1. Constitutional Law 46 2. Statutory Law 48 Practice Tip 49 3. Administrative Law 50 Practice Tip 51 4. Judicial Interpretation and the Common Law 53 Discussion Questions 7-9 55 Summary 56 Review Questions 56 Chapter 4 Classification of the Law 59 Introduction 59 A. Federal versus State Law 61 1. Federal Law 61 Discussion Questions 1-2 64 2. State Law 65 Discussion Question 3-6 66 B. Criminal versus Civil Law 66 1. A Comparison of Criminal and Civil Law 66 a. Type of Harm 66 b. Names of the Parties and the ¿Prosecutor¿ of the Claim 67 c. Standard of Proof 67 d. Judgment 68 e. Sanctions/Remedies 68 Practice Tip 68 f. Sources of Law 69 2. Criminal Law 69 a. Types of Crimes 70 b. Establishing a Prima Facie Case 70 Discussion Questions 7-8 70 c. Defenses 71 3. Civil Law 71 a. Establishing a Prima Facie Case 71 b. Defenses 72 c. Damages 72 d. Areas of Civil Law 73 (1) Contracts 73 (2) Property 73 (3) Torts 74 Ethics Alert 74 Case 4: Mr. Whipple 74 Discussion Questions 9-10 76 C. Substantive versus Procedural Law 76 Discussion Question 11 77 Summary 77 Review Questions 77 Chapter 5 Structure of the Court System 79 Introduction 79 A. Trial versus Appellate Courts 79 Case 5: Alibi to a Murder 81 Discussion Questions 1-3 83 B. Federal and State Court Systems 84 1. The Federal System 84 a. The Primary Federal Courts 87 Discussion Questions 4-5 88 b. Other Federal Courts 88 2. State Court Systems 88 Practice Tip 90 3. Exclusive and Concurrent Jurisdiction 91 Discussion Question 6 93 C. Court Personnel 93 1. Judges 93 2. Jurors 96 3. Attorneys 96 4. Support Personnel 96 Practice Tip 96 Summary 96 Review Questions 97 Chapter 6 Civil Litigation and Its Alternatives 99 Introduction 99 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 100 Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress 100 C. Alternative Dispute Resolution 101 Practice Tip 101 1. Arbitration 102 Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress 103 2. Mediation 103 a. Cases Most Suitable for Mediation 103 b. Mediation Process 104 c. Mediation Training 105 3. Summary Jury Trials 105 Ethics Alert 105 4. Role of Paralegals in ADR 106 5. Evaluation of ADR Techniques 106 Discussion Questions 1-3 106 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 107 A. Litigation 107 Practice Tip 107 1. The Pretrial Stage 107 a. Preliminary Matters 109 (1) Legal Grounds for the Suit 109 Practice Tip 110 Discussion Questions 4-5 110 Ethics Alert 111 (2) Parties to the Suit 111 (3) Selection of the Court 113 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 114 (4) Statutes of Limitations 115 (5) Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies 115 Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress 115 Practice Tip 115 Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress 116 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 116 Discussion Questions 6-7 116 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 116 b. Pleadings 116 (1) The Complaint 117 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 118 Practice Tip 118 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 119 Discussion Question 8 119 Ethics Alert 119 (2) The Summons 119 (3) The Answer 121 Practice Tip 121 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 121 (3) The Answer 121 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 123 c. Pretrial Motions to End Part or All of the Litigation 124 (1) Rule 12 Motions to Dismiss 124 (2) Rule 56 motions for summary judgment 126 (3) Appealing a summary judgment or motion to Dismiss 127 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 127 d. Discovery 128 (1) Interrogatories 128 Practice Tip 128 (2) Depositions 129 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 129 (3) Requests for Admissions 130 Practice Tip 131 (4) Requests for Documents and Physical Examinations 131 (5) Enforcing Discovery Rights 132 Discussion Questions 9-11 132 e. Settlement or Pretrial Conference 132 2. The Trial 133 Practice Tip 133 a. The Right to a Jury Trial 133 Ethics Alert 133 b. Jury Selection 134 Practice Tip 134 Discussion Questions 12-13 135 c. Opening Statements 135 Practice Tip 135 d. Presentation of Evidence 136 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather 137 Discussion Questions 14-15 137 e. Closing Arguments 138 f. Jury Instructions 138 g. Jury Deliberations, Verdict, and Judgment 138 h. Post-Trial Motions 139 3. The Appeal 139 a. The Timing of the Appeal 139 b. The Scope of the Review 140 c. Oral Arguments 141 d. The Decision and Its Publication 141 e. Further Appeals 141 Summary 142 Review Questions 143 PART 2 Finding and Analyzing the Law 145 Chapter 7 Finding and Interpreting Statutory Law 147 Introduction 147 A. Locating the Appropriate Statute 148 Practice Tip 149 B. The Format of Statutes 150 C. Ambiguity in Statutes 152 D. The Four Basic Steps to Statutory Interpretation 153 Case 6: The Clearance Sale 153 1. Get the Facts 154 2. Locate a Relevant Statute 154 3. Analyze the Statute 154 a. Divide the Statute into Its Elements 155 b. Determine the Issues and Develop Arguments for Each Side 155 (1) Think Creatively 156 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 157 (2) Understand the Methods Used for Interpreting Statutes 157 Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-4 160 Practice Tip 163 (3) Recognize the Role of Judicial Philosophy 165 4. Conclude 165 E. The Case of the Unhappy Customer 166 Case 7: The Unhappy Customer 166 Legal Reasoning Exercises 5-7 168 F. Written Analysis¿The Use of IRAC 170 Case 8: The Book Battery 170 1. Issue 171 2. Rule 172 3. Analysis 172 4. Conclusion 172 Legal Reasoning Exercises 8-9 174 G. Locating and Interpreting Administrative Regulations 174 H. Locating and Interpreting Constitutions 176 Summary 178 Review Questions 179 Chapter 8 Finding and Interpreting Court Opinions 181 Introduction 181 A. Types of Court Opinions 182 Discussion Questions 1-2 187 B. Locating Court Opinions 188 C. The Elements of a Court Opinion 191 1. Preliminary Material and West Editorial Features 191 2. Facts of the Case 191 3. Law Analyzed 192 4. Issues Raised 192 5. Dissenting Reached 193 6. The Reasoning 193 7. Concurring and Dissenting Opinions 194 D. Case Briefing 194 1. An Overview of Case Briefing 194 2. Format for a Case Brief 194 Jim Jones v. Sam Smith 195 a. Case Citation 195 b. Facts 196 c. Rule 196 d. Issue 197 e. Holding 198 f. Reasoning 199 g. Criticism 200 Practice Tip 201 3. Six Hints for Better Brief Writing 202 a. Read the Case First, Then Brief 202 b. Develop a Workable Style 202 c. Write Based on the Needs of Your Reader 202 d. Cross-reference 203 e. Paraphrase 203 f. Use a Dictionary 203 4. A Sample Case Brief 203 People v. Blair 204 5. Briefing Cases Involving Statutes 204 a. Interpreting a Statute 204 McBoyle v. United States 206 Case Discussion Questions 209 b. Ruling on a Statute¿s Constitutionality 210 Texas v. Johnson 211 Case Discussion Questions 215 Discussion Question 3 215 6. Briefing Cases Involving the Common Law 215 a. Applying Established Law 215 Keller v. DeLong 217 Case Discussion Questions 218 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 218 b. Creating New Law 219 Callow v. Thomas 220 Case Discussion Questions 225 Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 225 Lewis v. Lewis 226 Case Discussion Questions 234 Legal Reasoning Exercise 3 234 E. The Power of the Courts to Make New Law 234 Summary 236 Review Questions 237 Chapter 9 Finding the Law 239 Introduction 239 A. Overview of the Researching Process 240 B. The Five Steps of Legal Research 241 1. Identify Your Search Terms 241 Practice Tip 241 Practice Tip 242 2. Go to Secondary Authority (Optional) 242 a. National Legal Encyclopedias 242 b. State-Specific Encyclopedias 245 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 251 c. Special Subject Encyclopedias, Treatises, and Restatements 251 d. Legal Periodicals and Newspapers 251 e. American Law Reports Annotated 252 f. Citing Secondary Authority 252 g. Ending Your Secondary Research and Relying on Secondary Sources 252 Practice Tip 253 3. Go to Primary Authority 253 Practice Tip 254 a. A Note on Lawbook Publishers 255 b. Finding Statutes 255 (1) Starting with the Citation 256 (2) Starting with an Index 256 Practice Tip 256 (3) Reading an Annotated Statute 256 (4) Checking the Pocket Part 260 c. Finding State Agency Regulations 260 Practice Tip 260 d. Finding Court Opinions 260 (1) Starting with a Citation or Name 263 (2) Using a Summary Following a Statute 265 (3) Using a Digest 265 Practice Tip 268 e. Summary of the Steps for Locating Primary Authority 272 4. Update Your Research 272 a. Using the Digest Topics and Key Numbers 273 b. Using Shepard¿s 274 c. Using Both Digests and Shepard¿s 280 5. Decide When to Stop Researching 282 C. Research Involving Federal Statutes and Regulations 282 D. Computer-Assisted Research 286 1. Major On-Line Providers 286 a. The Major Commercial Databases: Lexis, Westlaw, and LoisLaw 286 (1) Lexis 286 (2) Westlaw 286 (3) LoisLaw 287 b. Other Internet-Based Resources 287 2. Computer Search Techniques 287 a. Determining Which Database to Use 288 b. Searching within a Database 288 (1) Terms and Connectors 288 Practice Tip 290 (2) Natural Language 291 (3) Variation among Services 291 3. Updating with Lexis, Westlaw, and LoisLaw 291 Practice Tip 291 4. Beyond Researching Primary Authority 292 Ethics Alert 292 Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 292 E. The Interrelationship of Researching Materials 293 Summary 293 Review Questions 294 Chapter 10 Applying the Law 297 Introduction 297 A. Predicting the Outcome in Your Client¿s Case 297 1. Looking for Analogies and Distinctions 297 a. Determine Whether the Governing Rules of Law and Issues Are the Same in Both Cases 298 b. Decide Which Facts Are the Key Facts in the Prior Case 298 c. Decide How Those Facts Are Similar to or Different from the Facts of Your Client¿s Case 298 d. Explain Why Those Similarities or Differences Matter 299 2. Selecting among Precedents 299 Chambers v. Maroney 300 B. A Note on Logic 302 C. The Format for a Written Analysis 305 1. Using IRAC 305 Ethics Alert 306 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 308 Practice Tip 311 2. Synthesizing Cases 312 Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-4 313 D. Internal Office Memoranda 315 1. Format and Content 315 a. Heading 316 b. Question Presented (Issue) 316 c. Brief Answer 316 d. Facts 317 e. Applicable Statutes 317 f. Discussion 317 Practice Tip 318 g. Conclusion 318 2. Sample Law Office Memorandum 319 Summary 321 Review Questions 322 PART 3 Legal Ethics and Substantive Law 323 Chapter 11 Legal Ethics 325 Introduction 325 Case 9: The Ethically Challenged Paralegal 326 A. Regulation of Attorneys 327 Discussion Questions 1-3 328 B. Regulation of Paralegals 329 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 330 C. The Big Three: Confidentiality, Conflict of Interest, and the Unauthorized Practice of Law 331 1. Client Confidentiality 331 a. Ethical Rules on Confidentiality 331 Discussion Questions 4-6 332 b. Attorney-client privilege 333 c. Confidentiality Applications Within the Law Office 334 People v. Mitchell 335 Case Discussion Questions 336 Practice Tip 336 Discussion Questions 7-8 337 2. Conflict of Interest 338 a. Concurrent Representation/Actual Conflict 340 b. Concurrent Representation/Potential Conflict 340 c. Successive Representation 341 d. Vicarious Representation 342 Practice Tip 343 In re Complex Asbestos Litigation 345 Case Discussion Questions 346 3. The Unauthorized Practice of Law 346 a. Justifications for Restrictions 348 b. Defining the Practice of Law 349 c. Prohibited Tasks 350 (1) Courtroom and Administrative Agency Representation 350 (2) Preparation of Legal Documents 351 (3) Giving Legal Advice 353 d. Appropriate Paralegal Tasks 353 (1) Contact with Clients and People Outside the Office 354 (2) Participation in Legal Proceedings 354 (3) Drafting Legal Documents 354 Louisiana State Bar Association v. Edwins 354 Case Discussion Questions 356 e. Nature of the Supervision 356 Discussion Question 9 358 D. Money Matters 359 1. The Contingency Fee System 360 Gagnon v. Shoblom 360 Case Discussion Questions 362 Practice Tip 364 2. Client Funds 364 3. Charging Clients for Paralegal Time 365 4. Fee-Splitting 365 5. Avoiding Solicitation 365 E. Overzealous Representation 365 1. Talking to the Opposing Party or Jurors 366 2. Avoiding Deception 366 F. Enforcement 366 G. Tort Law of Negligence 367 Discussion Questions 10-11 368 Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 368 Summary 368 Review Questions 369 Chapter 12 Torts 371 Introduction 371 A. Intentional Torts 373 Case 10: The Abused Spouse 373 1. Harm to a Person¿s Body, Reputation, or Emotional Well-Being 374 a. Assault and Battery 374 (1) The Elements of Assault and Battery 374 Knight v. Jewett 375 Case Discussion Questions 376 (2) The Defenses to Assault and Battery 376 Katko v. Briney 377 Case Discussion Questions 378 b. False Imprisonment 379 (1) The Elements of False Imprisonment 379 (2) Defenses to False Imprisonment 379 Coblyn v. Kennedy¿s, Inc. 380 Case Discussion Questions 382 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 382 Discussion Question 1 383 c. Defamation 383 (1) The Elements of Defamation 383 (2) Defamation of Public Figures 384 Ethics Alert 385 (3) Defenses to Defamation 386 Discussion Question 2 386 d. Invasion of Privacy 386 Practice Tip 387 e. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 387 Agis v. Howard Johnson Company 388 Case Discussion Questions 389 Discussion Questions 3-4 390 2. Harm to a Person¿s Property 390 a. Trespass to Land 390 b. Trespass to Personal Property and Conversion 390 Practice Tip 391 c. Defenses to Torts against Property 391 3. Other Intentional Torts 391 Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 393 B. Negligence 393 1. The Elements of Negligence 393 a. Duty 393 Practice Tip 394 Discussion Question 5 396 Woods v. Lancet 397 Case Discussion Questions 399 Legal Reasoning Exercises 3-6 399 b. Breach 400 Ethics Alert 401 Sauer v. Hebrew Institute of Long Island, Inc. 402 Case Discussion Questions 402 Discussion Questions 6-7 402 Legal Reasoning Exercise 7 403 c. Cause 403 (1) Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Company 404 Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Company 405 Case Discussion Questions 406 (2) Intervening Cause 407 Anglin v. State [of Florida] Department of Transportation 407 Case Discussion Questions 410 Legal Reasoning Exercise 8-9 410 (3) Duty of Care to Third Parties 410 Legal Reasoning Exercises 10-12 411 d. Harm 412 Discussion Question 8 413 2. Defenses to Negligence 413 a. Contributory Negligence 413 Paralegal Profile: William R. Matlock 414 b. Assumption of the Risk 415 Legal Reasoning Exercise 13-14 416 c. Comparative Negligence 417 d. Immunities 417 Irwin v. Town of Ware 419 Case Discussion Questions 420 3. Reckless Behavior 420 Knight v. Jewett 422 Case Discussion Questions 424 Legal Reasoning Exercises 14-15 424 C. Strict Liability 425 1. Ultrahazardous Activities 427 2. Products Liability 427 Doe v. Miles Labs., Inc. 428 Case Discussion Questions 431 3. Defenses to Strict Liability Torts 432 D. New Torts 432 Practice Tip 432 1. Wrongful Life or Wrongful Birth 432 2. Battered Woman¿s Syndrome 433 Ethics Alert 434 3. Drug Dealer Liability Act 434 Discussion Questions 9-11 435 E. Remedies 435 Practice Tip 436 Discussion Questions 12-14 439 Summary 439 Review Questions 440 Chapter 13 Contract Law 443 Introduction 443 A. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) 444 Ethics Alert 446 B. Types of Contracts 446 Discussion Question 1 448 C. The Elements of a Binding Contract 448 Case 11: Who Owns the Watch? 449 1. Offer and Acceptance 450 a. Offer 451 (1) Statements of Intent and Preliminary Negotiations 451 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 452 (2) Terms Definite 453 Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc. 453 Case Discussion Questions 454 Practice Tip 454 (3) Termination of an Offer 455 b. Acceptance 456 Practice Tip 456 Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 457 c. Quasi-contract 458 Discussion Question 2 458 2. Consideration 458 a. Detriment to Promisee or Benefit to Promisor 459 Hamer v. Sidway 459 Case Discussion Questions 461 b. Problems with Consideration 461 Alaska Packers¿ Association v. Domenico 462 Case Discussion Questions 463 c. Promissory Estoppel 463 D. Contract Interpretation 465 Legal Reasoning Exercises 3-5 465 E. Defenses to a Valid Contract 466 1. Lack of Contractual Capacity 467 a. Minors 467 Quality Motors, Inc. v. Hays 467 Case Discussion Questions 469 b. Intoxication 469 Lucy v. Zehmer 469 Case Discussion Questions 471 c. Mental Incompetence 472 2. Illegal Contracts and Those That Violate Public Policy 472 3. Lack of Genuiness of Assent 473 a. Fraud 473 Vokes v. Arthur Murray, Inc. 474 Case Discussion Questions 475 b. Mistake 475 c. Undue Influence 476 d. Duress 476 4. Breach of Warranty 476 Discussion Question 3 477 Practice Tip 479 Webster v. Blue Ship Tea Room, Inc. 479 Case Discussion Questions 480 Legal Reasoning Exercise 6 480 5. Lack of Proper Format¿Writing 481 Discussion Questions 4-5 482 Ethics Alert 482 E. Termination of Contractual Duties 483 1. By Performance 483 Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent 483 Case Discussion Questions 485 2. By Agreement 485 3. When Performance Is Impossible 485 4. Due to Commercial Impracticability 486 F. Third-Party Rights 486 1. Assignment 486 2. Delegation 487 3. Third-Party Beneficiaries 488 a. Intended Beneficiaries 488 b. Incidental Beneficiaries 488 G. Damages 488 H. Drafting and Reviewing Contracts 490 Legal Reasoning Exercise 7 493 Summary 494 Review Questions 494 Chapter 14 Property and Estate Law 499 Introduction 499 A. Property Law 499 Paralegal Profile: Deb Monke 501 1. Ownership of Real Property 502 Discussion Questions 1-2 504 2. Rental of Real Property 504 Practice Tip 505 Baiz v. Hoffius 506 Case Discussion Questions 508 3. Transfer of Real Property 509 Practice Tip 509 a. Sale 509 b. Death of the Owner 510 Ethics Alert 511 Practice Tip 511 c. Gift 511 d. Seizure by a Creditor 511 e. Eminent Domain 512 (1) Zoning Laws 512 (2) Use 514 Discussion Question 3 517 f. Adverse Possession 517 4. Transfer of Personal Property 517 B. Estate Planning 518 1. Wills 518 Matter of Lanning 519 Case Discussion Questions 520 Practice Tips 520 Ethics Alert 521 2. Living Wills 521 3. Trusts 521 4. Probate Process 522 a. Intestate Succession 523 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 523 b. Probating a Will 526 Practice Tip 527 In the Matter of the Estate of Franklin J. Till 527 Case Discussion Questions 529 Discussion Question 4 529 Summary 530 Review Questions 530 Chapter 15 Laws Affecting Business 533 Introduction 533 Case 11: The Four Friends 534 A. The Four Basic Business Forms 535 1. Sole Proprietorship 535 2. Partnership 537 Ethics Alert 539 Van Dyke v. Bixby 539 Case Discussion Questions 540 3. Corporation 540 4. Limited Liability Company and Limited Liability Partnership 542 Legal Reasoning Exercises 1-2 543 B. Borrowing Money 543 1. Commercial Paper 544 2. Secured Transactions 547 C. Agency Law and an Employer¿s Responsibility for an Employee¿s Act 549 1. Agency Law 549 Ethics Alert 549 2. Employees versus Independent Contractors 550 3. Employees and Independent Contractors as Agents 550 4. Employer¿s Liability for Acts of Employees 551 Ethics Alert 551 O¿Connor v. McDonald¿s Restaurants of California, Inc. 552 Case Discussion Questions 554 Legal Reasoning Exercises 3-7 554 D. Employment Law 555 1. Title VII: Discrimination Based on Race, Color, Religion, Sex, or National Origin 556 a. Introduction to Title VII 556 Discussion Questions 1-3 559 b. The Three Theories of Discrimination 560 (1) Overt Intentional Discrimination and the BFOQ Defense 560 Diaz v. Pan American World Airways, Inc. 561 Case Discussion Questions 564 Discussion Question 4 564 (2) Intentional Discrimination ¿ Disparate Treatment 564 McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 565 Case Discussion Questions 567 Practice Tip 567 (3)Unintentional Discrimination ¿ Disparate Impact 568 Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 569 Case Discussion Questions 571 Discussion Question 5 572 c. Sexual Harassment 572 Discussion Questions 6-7 574 d. Affirmative Action 575 Discussion Questions 8-9 579 e. Damage Awards and Other Relief under Title VII 579 2. ADEA: Age Discrimination 581 3. ADA: Disability Discrimination 584 Practice Tip 585 4. Limitations on Employee Lawsuits against State and Local Governmental Employers 585 5. Common Law Approaches: At-Will Employment 587 Legal Reasoning Exercises 8-10 587 Summary 588 Review Questions 589 Chapter 16 Family Law 591 Introduction 591 A. Marriage 592 Discussion Questions 1-4 593 1. Consequences of Marriage 594 Practice Tip 594 Practice Tip 594 2. Same-Sex Marriages and Civil Unions 594 Opinions of the Justices to the Senate 596 Case Discussion Questions 599 Discussion Questions 5-8 600 3. Premarital Agreements 601 Discussion Questions 9-10 602 Ethics Alert 602 4. Consequences of Broken Engagements 602 Aronow v. Silver 603 Case Discussion Questions 604 5. Termination of the Marital Relationship 605 a. Annulment 605 Practice Tip 606 Discussion Questions 11-12 606 b. Divorce/Dissolution 606 Ethics Alert 607 Practice Tip 608 (1) Divorce Procedures 608 (2) Property Settlements 612 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 613 Practice Tip 614 Practice Tip 615 Woodworth v. Woodworth 615 Case Discussion Questions 1-2 616 (3) Alimony/Maintenance Agreements 617 Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 618 (4) Custody, Visitation, and Child Support 618 Carroll v. Carroll 619 Case Discussion Questions 620 Practice Tip 624 Discussion Questions 13-17 625 B. The Parent-Child Relationship 626 1. Establishing the Relationship 626 a. Paternity Actions 626 Discussion Questions 18-20 627 b. Adoption 628 Discussion Questions 21-22 629 In re Petition of John Doe and Jane Doe, Husband and Wife, to Adopt Baby Boy Janikova 629 Case Discussion Questions 631 (1) Adoption Records 631 In re Roger B 632 Case Discussion Questions 633 (2) Tort of Wrongful Adoption 633 c. Assisted Reproduction 633 (1) Sperm Donation 633 (2) Egg Donation 634 In the Matter of Baby M 635 Case Discussion Questions 636 Discussion Question 23-25 637 Legal Reasoning Exercise 3 637 2. Parental Rights, Responsibilities, and Liabilities 638 3. Child Neglect and Abuse 638 Discussion Questions 26-27 640 4. Legal Status of Minors 640 Summary 641 Review Questions 641 Chapter 17 Criminal Law and Procedure 643 Introduction 643 Ethics Alert 644 A. Substantive Criminal Law 645 1. Common-Law Heritage and Model Penal Code 645 Ethics Alert 645 Discussion Questions 1-3 646 2. Classification of Crimes 646 a. Severity of Punishment 646 b. Type of Harm 647 Practice Tip 649 c. Federal or State Law 649 3. Elements of the Crime 650 a. Actus Reus 650 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 651 b. Mens Rea 652 Smallwood v. State [of Maryland] 652 Case Discussion Questions 654 4. Parties to the Crime 657 Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-4 658 5. Defenses 660 Practice Tip 660 a. Alibi Defense 660 b. Ignorance or Mistake 660 c. Status: Infancy, Insanity, and Intoxication 661 Practice Tip 661 People v. Wolff 663 Case Discussion Questions 664 Discussion Questions 4-6 666 Legal Reasoning Exercise 5 666 Practice Tip 667 d. Duress and Necessity 667 e. Entrapment 668 f. Reactive Defenses 668 People v. Goetz 669 Case Discussion Questions 671 Practice Tip 672 g. Statutes of Limitations and Speedy Trial Acts 672 h. Constitutional Defenses 673 Discussion Questions 7-9 675 6. Dynamic Change 676 B. Criminal Procedure 676 Practice Tip 676 1. Investigation of the Crime 677 a. Search and Seizure 679 (1) Stop and Frisk 679 (2) Arrest 681 (3) Searches and Seizures of Evidence 682 Practice Tip 683 Discussion Questions 10-11 684 b. Questioning Suspects 686 Rhode Island v. Innis 688 Case Discussion Questions 692 Ethics Alert 692 Practice Tip 693 Legal Reasoning Exercise 6 693 2. The Court System 693 a. Formal Charges, Initial Appearances, and Bail 694 b. Preliminary Hearings and Grand Juries 695 c. Arraignments, the Exclusionary Rule, and Pretrial Motions 696 Ethics Alert 697 Practice Tip 698 Practice Tip 698 Discussion Question 12 701 Ethics Alert 701 Mapp v. Ohio 702 Case Discussion Questions 704 Legal Reasoning Exercise 7 704 d. Plea Bargaining 705 Practice Tip 705 e. The Right to a Jury Trial 706 f. Trial Procedures 707 Practice Tip 708 Discussion Question 13 709 3. Sentencing and Punishment 709 a. Theories of Punishment 709 b. Sentencing Procedures 710 c. Sentencing Guidelines 711 d. Habitual Offender Statutes 712 e. Capital Punishment 713 Discussion Questions 14-19 714 4. Appeal 715 5. Writ of Habeas Corpus 715 Summary 716 Review Questions 717 Appendix A Excerpts from the United States Constitution 723 Appendix B Fundamentals of Good Writing 729 Introduction 729 Part I: Grammar 730 A. Use Proper Sentence Structure 730 1. Use Simple Sentence Construction 730 a. Use Normal Sentence Order 730 b. One Thought per Sentence 730 c. Limit Sentences to Twenty-Five Words 730 d. use Tabulations 731 e. Avoid Intrusive Phrases 731 2. Avoid Sentence Fragments 732 3. Avoid Run-On Sentences (Fused Sentences and Comma Splices) 733 4. Use Parallel Construction 734 B. Use the Proper Verb Tense 734 C. Make Sure Pronouns and Antecedents Agree 735 D. Put Modifying Words Close to What They Modify 736 E. Avoid Punctuation Problems 737 1. Use the Serial Comma 737 2. Do Not Use a Comma with Compound Verbs or between a Subject and Its Verb 737 3. Use Commas to Set Off Phrases Containing Nonessential Information 738 4. Forming the Possessive 738 5. Combining Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation 739 Part II: Style 740 A. Avoid Long Paragraphs 740 B. Do Not Bury Your Points 741 C. Use Transitions 741 D. Be Concise 742 1. Eliminate Unnecessary Words 742 2. Remove Unnecessary Introductory Phrases 743 3. Say It Once 743 E. Avoid the Passive Voice 743 F. Special Rules for Legal Writing 745 1. Avoid Legalese 745 2. Make the Court and Not the Court Opinion the Actor 745 3. Avoid Unnecessary Variation 745 4. Do Not Use the First Person 746 5. Do Not Use Contractions 746 6. Do Not Ask Your Reader Questions 746 7. That Case/This Case 747 8. Written Numbers versus Numerals 747 9. Do Not Eliminate the Articles ¿A,¿ ¿An,¿ and ¿The¿ 747 Part III: Correct Word Usage 747 Summary 749 Review Questions 750 Appendix C The Basics of Citation Form 753 Introduction 753 Part I: Court Opinion Citation Form 755 A. Case Reporters 757 B. The Essentials of Case Citation 758 C. Case Name 760 1. Omit First Names 761 2. Omit Descriptive Terms 761 3. Omit All but the First Parties¿ Names 761 4. Use Abbreviations 761 5. The State as Part of the Citation 762 D. Case Reporter 762 1. The Parallel Citation 763 2. A Special Rule for the U.S. Supreme Court 764 3. Advance Sheets, Westlaw, and Lexis 765 4. Cite to Specific Pages 765 E. Parenthetical 766 F. Case History 767 Part II: Enacted Law Citation Form 768 A. Statutory Citation 769 1. Federal Statutes 769 2. State Statutes 770 B. Local Ordinances 772 C. Administrative Law 773 D. Constitutions 774 Part III: Using Citations in Your Legal Writing 774 A. The Citation as a Sentence or Clause 774 1. String Citations 775 2. Explanatory Parentheticals 775 3. Signals 775 B. Authority Previously Cited¿Short Citing 776 C. Example of Citations Integrated into Text 777 D. Summary of the Most Common Citation Forms 777 Part IV: Citations in the Electronic Era 777 Summary 779 Review Questions 779 Appendix D Ethical Codes 783 National Association of Legal Assistants Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility 783 NFPA Model Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility 785 Appendix E Net Notes 791 Business Information 791 Citation Rules 791 Commercial On-Line Providers 791 Court System 792 Criminal Law 792 Government Sites 792 Grammar 792 Legal Ethics 793 Legal News 793 Legal Search Engines 793 Organizations 793 Primary Material 794 Torts 794 Uniform Laws 794 Glossary 797 Table of Cases 821 Index XXX
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Law -- United States.
Legal assistants -- United States -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.