Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding.
About This Book Preface C H A P T E R O N E THE WORLDWIDE GRAPHIC LANGUAGE FOR DESIGN 2 OBJECTIVES 2 OVERVIEW 3 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS 4 Artistic and Technical Drawings 6 The Design Process 6 Concurrent Engineering 8 Computer-Aided Design and Product Development 8 Designing Quality Into Products 9 The Digital Database 9 Generate Concepts 10 1.1 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 1 10 Identify the Customer and the Problem 10 1.2 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 2 10 Generate Concepts 10 1.3 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 3 11 Compromise Solutions 11 1.4 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 4 12 Models and Prototypes 12 Intelligent Models 13 Rapid Prototyping 14 1.5 ENGINEERING DESIGN STAGE 5 14 Production or Working Drawings 14 1.6 DRAFTING STANDARDS 16 Examine Manufactured Products 16 Study the Natural World 16 Watch the Web 16 1.7 CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES 16 Research Patent Drawings 17 Design Groups 17 1.8 PRODUCT DEFINITION 18 1.9 SHOWING THE DESIGN PROCESS IN A PORTFOLIO 18 KEY WORDS 20 CHAPTER SUMMARY 20 REVIEW QUESTIONS 20 C H A P T E R T WO LAYOUTS AND LETTERING 22 OBJECTIVES 22 OVERVIEW 23 UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS 24 Types of Projections 24 Drawing Vocabulary 26 2.1 ALPHABET OF LINES 24 2.2 FREEHAND LINES 28 2.3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 28 U.S. Customary Units 28 The Metric System 28 2.4 DRAWING SCALE 29 2.5 SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A DRAWING 29 2.6 SCALES 30 2.7 METRIC SCALES 31 2.8 ENGINEERS? SCALES 33 2.9 DECIMAL INCH SCALES 33 2.10 MECHANICAL ENGINEERS? SCALES 33 2.11 ARCHITECTS? SCALES 34 2.12 LETTERING 36 2.13 LETTERING STANDARDS 36 2.14 VERTICAL LETTERS AND NUMERALS 36 2.15 LOWERCASE LETTERS 36 2.16 INCLINED LETTERS AND NUMBERS 39 2.17 FRACTIONS 39 2.18 USING GUIDELINES 39 2.19 SPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDS 40 2.20 LETTERING FOR TITLES 41 2.21 DRAWING PENCILS 42 2.22 TEMPLATES 43 2.23 THE COMPUTER AS A DRAFTING TOOL 43 2.24 SKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIA 45 2.25 POLYESTER FILMS AND COATED SHEETS 45 2.26 STANDARD SHEETS 45 2.27 STANDARD LAYOUT ELEMENTS 46 Margins and Borders 44 Zones 46 Typical Letter Sizes 46 Title Block 47 2.28 LAYOUTS 48 2.29 PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR SKETCH 48 Show Details Clearly 48 KEY WORDS 53 CHAPTER SUMMARY 53 REVIEW QUESTIONS 53 EXERCISES 54 C H A P T E R T H R E E TECHNICAL SKETCHING 58 OBJECTIVES 58 OVERVIEW 59 UNDERSTANDING SOLID OBJECTS 60 Types of Solids 60 UNDERSTANDING SKETCHING TECHNIQUES 62 Analyzing Complex Objects 62 Viewpoint 64 Shading 64 Edges and Vertices 65 Points and Lines 65 Angles 66 Drawings and Sketches 66 Freehand Sketching 67 3.1 TECHNIQUE OF LINES 68 Line Weights 68 3.2 SKETCHING STRAIGHT LINES 69 Blocking in a Freehand Drawing 69 3.3 SKETCHING CIRCLES, ARCS, AND ELLIPSES 71 Circles 71 Sketching Arcs 73 Sketching Ellipses 73 3.4 MAINTAINING PROPORTIONS 73 3.5 ONE-VIEW DRAWINGS 75 3.6 PICTORIAL SKETCHING 76 3.7 OBLIQUE SKETCHES 76 Appearance of Oblique Drawings 77 Choosing the Front Surface 77 Angle of Receding Lines 77 Depth of Receding Lines 77 3.8 SKETCHING ONE POINT PERSPECTIVES 78 3.9 DRAWING ON DRAWING 80 KEY WORDS 84 CHAPTER SUMMARY 84 REVIEW QUESTIONS 84 SKETCHING EXERCISES 85 C H A P T E R F O U R ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 92 OBJECTIVES 92 OVERVIEW 93 UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS 94 Views of Objects 94 The Six Standard Views 95 Principal Dimensions 95 Projection Method 96 The Glass Box 96 Spacing Between Views 98 Transferring Depth Dimensions 98 Measuring from a Reference Surface 98 Necessary Views 99 Orientation of the Front View 100 First- and Third-Angle Projection 100 Third Angle Projection 99 Alternate Arrangements for Third-Angle Projection 100 First-Angle Projection 100 Projection System Drawing Symbol 100 Hidden Lines 103 CENTERLINES 104 4.1 HIDDEN LINE TECHNIQUE 104 4.2 PRECEDENCE OF LINES 104 4.3 CENTERLINES 104 4.4 LAYING OUT A DRAWING 104 4.5 VISUALIZATION 107 2.19 SPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDS 40 2.20 LETTERING FOR TITLES 41 2.21 DRAWING PENCILS 42 2.22 TEMPLATES 43 2.23 THE COMPUTER AS A DRAFTING TOOL 43 2.24 SKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIA 45 2.25 POLYESTER FILMS AND COATED SHEETS 45 2.26 STANDARD SHEETS 45 2.27 STANDARD LAYOUT ELEMENTS 46 Margins and Borders 44 Zones 46 Typical Letter Sizes 46 Title Block 47 2.28 LAYOUTS 48 2.29 PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR SKETCH 48 Show Details Clearly 48 KEY WORDS 53 CHAPTER SUMMARY 53 REVIEW QUESTIONS 53 EXERCISES 54 C H A P T E R T H R E E TECHNICAL SKETCHING 58 OBJECTIVES 58 OVERVIEW 59 UNDERSTANDING SOLID OBJECTS 60 Types of Solids 60 UNDERSTANDING SKETCHING TECHNIQUES 62 Analyzing Complex Objects 62 Viewpoint 64 Shading 64 Edges and Vertices 65 Points and Lines 65 Angles 66 Drawings and Sketches 66 Freehand Sketching 67 3.1 TECHNIQUE OF LINES 68 Line Weights 68 3.2 SKETCHING STRAIGHT LINES 69 Blocking in a Freehand Drawing 69 3.3 SKETCHING CIRCLES, ARCS, AND ELLIPSES 71 4.6 VIEWS OF SURFACES 107 Surfaces, Edges, and Corners 107 4.7 NORMAL SURFACES 108 4.8 INCLINED SURFACES 108 4.9 OBLIQUE SURFACES 108 4.10 EDGES 109 4.11 NORMAL EDGES 109 4.12 INCLINED EDGES 109 4.13 OBLIQUE EDGES 109 4.14 PARALLEL EDGES 109 4.14 ANGLES 110 4.15 VERTICES 110 4.16 INTERPRETING POINTS 110 4.17 INTERPRETING LINES 110 4.18 SIMILAR SHAPES OF SURFACES 111 4.19 INTERPRETING VIEWS 111 4.20 MODELS 113 Rules for Visualizing From a Drawing: Putting it all Together 113 4.21 PROJECTING A THIRD VIEW 113 4.22 BECOMING A 3D VISUALIZER 115 KEY WORDS 120 CHAPTER SUMMARY 120 REVIEW QUESTIONS 120 MULTIVIEW PROJECTION EXERCISES 121 EXERCISES 122 C H A P T E R F I V E 2D DRAWING REPRESENTATION 132 OBJECTIVES 132 OVERVIEW 133 PRACTICES FOR 2D DOCUMENTATION DRAWINGS 134 Common Manufactured Features 134 Conventional Representations 135 Intersections and Tangencies 135 Removed Views 135 5.1 VISUALIZING AND DRAWING COMPLEX CYLINDRICAL SHAPES 136 5.2 CYLINDERS WHEN SLICED 137 5.3 CYLINDERS AND ELLIPSES 138 Intersections of Cylinders 139 5.4 INTERSECTIONS AND TANGENCIES 138 5.5 FILLETS AND ROUNDS 141 5.6 RUNOUTS 142 5.7 CONVENTIONAL EDGES 143 5.8 NECESSARY VIEWS 144 5.9 PARTIAL VIEWS 145 Showing Enlarged Details 146 Conventional Breaks 146 5.10 ALIGNMENT OF VIEWS 147 5.11 REMOVED VIEWS 148 5.12 RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND PARTS 149 5.13 REVOLUTION CONVENTIONS 150 Common Hole Features Shown in Orthographic Views 151 Common Features Shown in Orthographic Views 152 KEY WORDS 155 CHAPTER SUMMARY 155 REVIEW QUESTIONS 155 C H A P T E R S I X SECTIONAL VIEWS 170 OBJECTIVES 170 OVERVIEW 171 UNDERSTANDING SECTIONS 172 Sections of Single Parts 172 Full Sections 172 The Cutting Plane 172 Lines Behind the Cutting Plane 172 6.1 PLACEMENT OF SECTION VIEWS 175 6.2 LABELING CUTTING PLANES 176 6.3 LINE PRECEDENCE 176 6.4 RULES FOR LINES 177 6.5 CUTTING-PLANE LINE STYLE 178 Visualizing Cutting-Plane Direction 178 6.6 SECTION LINE TECHNIQUE 179 Section Lining Large Areas 180 Section Lining Symbols 180 Section Lining in CAD 181 6.7 HALF SECTIONS 181 6.8 BROKEN OUT SECTIONS 182 6.9 REVOLVED SECTIONS 183 6.10 REMOVED SECTIONS 184 6.11 OFFSET SECTIONS 186 6.12 RIBS IN SECTION 187 6.13 ALIGNED SECTIONS 187 6.14 PARTIAL VIEWS 189 6.15 INTERSECTIONS IN SECTIONS 190 6.16 CONVENTIONAL BREAKS AND SECTIONS 190 6.17 ASSEMBLY SECTIONS 190 KEY WORDS 194 SUMMARY 194 REVIEW QUESTIONS 194 SECTIONING EXERCISES 195 C H A P T E R S E V E N AUXILIARY VIEWS 206 OBJECTIVES 206 OVERVIEW 206 UNDERSTANDING AUXILIARY VIEWS 208 The Auxiliary Plane 208 Primary Auxiliary Views 208 Visualizing Auxiliary Views as a Revolved Drawing 210 Classification of Auxiliary Views 210 Successive Auxiliary Views 212 Secondary Auxiliary Views 212 Reference Planes 213 7.1 USING TRIANGLES TO SKETCH AUXILIARY VIEWS 215 7.2 USING GRID PAPER TO SKETCH AUXILIARY VIEWS 215 7.3 USING CAD TO CREATE AUXILIARY VIEWS 217 7.4 CIRCLES AND ELLIPSES IN AUXILIARY VIEWS 217 7.5 HIDDEN LINES IN AUXILIARY VIEWS 217 7.6 REVERSE CONSTRUCTION 219 7.7 PARTIAL AUXILIARY VIEWS 219 7.8 HALF AUXILIARY VIEWS 219 7.9 AUXILIARY SECTIONS 220 7.10 VIEWING-PLANE LINES AND ARROWS 221 7.11 USES OF AUXILIARY VIEWS 222 7.12 TRUE LENGTH OF A LINE 222 7.13 POINT VIEW OF A LINE 224 Showing the Point View of a Line 224 7.14 EDGE VIEW OF A PLANE 225 Showing the Edge View of a Plane 225 7.15 TRUE SIZE OF AN OBLIQUE SURFACE 226 Showing the True Size and Shape of an Oblique Surface 226 7.16 DIHEDRAL ANGLES 228 UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS 229 Surface Terminology 229 Revolved and Extruded Solids 230 Developable Surfaces 230 Principles of Intersections 231 7.17 DEVELOPMENTS 232 Finding the Intersection of a Plane and a Prism and Developing the Prism 232 Finding the Intersection of a Plane and a Cylinder and Developing the Cylinder 234 7.18 HEMS AND JOINTS FOR SHEET METAL AND OTHER MATERIALS 235 7.19 MORE EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS 235 Developing a Plane and an Oblique Prism 235 Developing a Plane and an Oblique Cylinder 236 Developing a Plane and a Pyramid 236 Developing a Plane and a Cone 236 Developing a Hood and Flue 237 7.20 TRANSITION PIECES 238 7.21 TRIANGULATION 238 7.22 DEVELOPING A TRANSITION PIECE CONNECTING RECTANGULAR PIPES ON THE SAME AXIS 238 7.23 DEVELOPING A PLANE AND A SPHERE 239 7.24 REVOLUTION 240 7.25 AXIS OF REVOLUTION 240 Creating a Revolved Drawing 240 7.26 PRIMARY AND SUCCESSIVE REVOLUTIONS 240 7.27 TRUE LENGTH OF A LINE: REVOLUTION METHOD 241 KEY WORDS 243 CHAPTER SUMMARY 243 REVIEW QUESTIONS 244 EXERCISES 244 C H A P T E R E I G H T MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 258 OBJECTIVES 258 OVERVIEW 259 UNDERSTANDING MANUFACTURING 260 The Design Process and Concurrent Engineering 261 8.1 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 259 Computer-Aided Engineering Allows for Future Modification 259 Computer-Aided Engineering Links All Phases of Manufacturing 259 The Role of Prototypes and Rapid Prototyping in Product Development 260 8.2 RAPID PROTOTYPING 261 Translating the Model 261 8.3 TYPES OF RAPID PROTOTYPING SYSTEMS 262 Cores and Cavities 265 8.4 DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE, ASSEMBLY, DISASSEMBLY, AND SERVICE 266 8.5 MATERIAL SELECTION 267 8.6 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 267 8.7 COST AND AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS 268 8.8 APPEARANCE, SERVICE LIFE, AND RECYCLING 268 8.9 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 269 Processing Methods 270 8.10 DO?S AND DON?TS OF PRACTICAL DESIGN 271 Casting Design 271 Practical Considerations 272 8.11 DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY AND SURFACE FINISH 273 8.12 MEASURING DEVICES USED IN MANUFACTURING 274 8.13 OPERATIONAL AND MANUFACTURING COSTS 274 8.14 CONSEQUENCES OF MATERIAL AND PROCESS SELECTION 275 8.15 NET-SHAPE MANUFACTURING 275 8.16 COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING 276 8.17 SHARED MANUFACTURING 277 8.18 MANUFACTURING METHODS AND THE DRAWING 277 KEY WORDS 280 CHAPTER SUMMARY 280 REVIEW QUESTIONS 280 C H A P T E R N I N E DIMENSIONING 282 OBJECTIVES 0 OVERVIEW 0 UNDERSTANDING DIMENSIONING 284 Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning 285 Tolerance 285 Geometric Breakdown 286 9.1 LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING 286 9.2 USING DIMENSION AND EXTENSION LINES 288 9.3 ARROWHEADS 288 9.4 LEADERS 289 9.5 DRAWING SCALE AND DIMENSIONING 289 9.6 DIRECTION OF DIMENSION VALUES AND NOTES 290 9.7 DIMENSION UNITS 290 9.8 MILLIMETER VALUES 290 9.9 DECIMAL INCH VALUES 291 9.10 RULES FOR DIMENSION VALUES 292 9.11 RULES FOR ROUNDING DECIMAL DIMENSION VALUES 292 9.12 DUAL DIMENSIONING 292 9.13 COMBINATION UNITS 293 9.14 DIMENSION SYMBOLS 293 9.15 PLACING AND SHOWING DIMENSIONS LEGIBLY 294 Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly 294 9.16 SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS 296 9.17 DIMENSIONING ANGLES 297 9.18 DIMENSIONING ARCS 297 9.19 FILLETS AND ROUNDS 297 9.20 SIZE DIMENSIONS: PRISMS 298 9.21 SIZE DIMENSIONS: CYLINDERS 298 9.22 SIZE DIMENSIONING HOLES 300 9.23 APPLYING STANDARD DIMENSIONING SYMBOLS 301 9.24 DIMENSIONING TRIANGULAR PRISMS, PYRAMIDS, AND CONES 301 9.25 DIMENSIONING CURVES 302 9.26 DIMENSIONING CURVED SURFACES 302 9.27 DIMENSIONING ROUNDED-END SHAPES 302 9.28 DIMENSIONING THREADS 303 9.29 DIMENSIONING TAPERS 304 9.30 DIMENSIONING CHAMFERS 304 9.31 SHAFT CENTERS 304 9.32 DIMENSIONING KEYWAYS 305 9.33 DIMENSIONING KNURLS 305 9.34 FINISH MARKS 306 9.35 SURFACE ROUGHNESS 306 Applications of Surface Roughness Symbols 307 9.36 LOCATION DIMENSIONS 310 9.37 MATING DIMENSIONS 312 9.38 TABULAR DIMENSIONS 313 9.39 COORDINATE DIMENSIONING 314 9.40 MACHINE, PATTERN, AND FORGING DIMENSIONS 314 9.41 SHEET METAL BENDS 316 9.42 NOTES 316 9.43 STANDARDS 317 9.44 DO?S AND DON?TS OF DIMENSIONING 318 KEY WORDS 323 CHAPTER SUMMARY 323 REVIEW QUESTIONS 323 DIMENSIONING EXERCISES 323 C H A P T E R T E N TOLERANCING 330 OBJECTIVES 330 OVERVIEW 331 UNDERSTANDING TOLERANCE 332 Tolerance 332 Quality Control 332 Variations in Form 333 Implied Right Angles 334 Fits Between Mating Parts 335 Selective Assembly 336 Definitions for Size Designation 337 Basic Hole System 338 Basic Shaft System 338 10.1 SPECIFYING TOLERANCES 340 10.2 GENERAL TOLERANCE NOTES 340 10.3 LIMIT TOLERANCES 341 Single-Limit Dimensioning 341 10.4 PLUS-OR-MINUS TOLERANCES 342 10.5 TOLERANCE STACKING 343 Chained or Continuous Dimensioning 343 Baseline Dimensioning 343 10.6 USING AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD LIMITS AND FIT TABLES 344 10.7 TOLERANCES AND MACHINING PROCESSES 345 10.8 METRIC SYSTEM OF TOLERANCES AND FITS 346 10.9 PREFERRED SIZES 348 10.10 PREFERRED FITS 348 10.11 GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 349 10.12 SYMBOLS FOR TOLERANCES OF POSITION AND FORM 340 10.13 DATUM SURFACES AND FEATURES 352 10.14 POSITIONAL TOLERANCES 354 10.15 MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION 356 10.16 TOLERANCES OF ANGLES 357 10.17 FORM TOLERANCES FOR SINGLE FEATURES 358 10.18 FORM TOLERANCES FOR RELATED FEATURES 360 10.19 USING GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 362 10.20 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 362 10.21 TOLERANCES AND DIGITAL PRODUCT DEFINITION 363 KEY WORDS 367 CHAPTER SUMMARY 367 REVIEW QUESTIONS 367 C H A P T E R E L E V E N THREADS, FASTENERS, AND SPRINGS 372 OBJECTIVES 372 OVERVIEW 373 UNDERSTANDING THREADS AND FASTENERS 374 Screw Thread Terms 375 Screw Thread Forms 376 Thread Pitch 377 Thread Series 378 Right-Hand and Left-Hand Threads 378 Single and Multiple Threads 379 American National Thread Fits 379 Metric and Unified Thread Fits 379 Three Methods for Drawing Thread 380 11.1 THREAD NOTES 383 11.2 EXTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS 384 11.3 INTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS 385 11.4 DETAILED REPRESENTATION: METRIC, UNIFIED, AND AMERICAN NATIONAL THREADS 385 Detailed External Square Thread 386 Detailed Internal Square Thread 386 11.5 USE OF PHANTOM LINES 389 11.6 THREADS IN ASSEMBLY 389 11.7 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS 389 11.8 BOLTS, STUDS, AND SCREWS 390 11.9 TAPPED HOLES 391 11.10 STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS 392 11.11 DRAWING STANDARD BOLTS 394 11.12 SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOLTS AND NUTS 394 11.13 LOCKNUTS AND LOCKING DEVICES 396 11.14 STANDARD CAP SCREWS 397 11.15 STANDARD MACHINE SCREWS 398 11.16 STANDARD SET SCREWS 398 11.17 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD WOOD SCREWS 399 11.18 MISCELLANEOUS FASTENERS 399 11.19 KEYS 400 11.20 MACHINE PINS 400 11.21 RIVETS 401 Riveted Joints 401 Rivet Symbols 402 Small Rivets 402 Blind Rivets 402 11.22 SPRINGS 403 Helical Springs 403 11.23 DRAWING HELICAL SPRINGS 404 11.24 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 405 KEY WORDS 409 CHAPTER SUMMARY 409 REVIEW QUESTIONS 409 EXERCISES 409 C H A P T E R T W E LV E WORKING DRAWINGS 414 OBJECTIVES 414 OVERVIEW 415 UNDERSTANDING DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, AND WORKING DRAWINGS 416 Top Down vs. Bottom Up Design 416 Constraining 3D Assembly Models 416 3D Layouts and Skeleton Assemblies 418 Working Drawings or Construction Drawings 418 Assembly Drawings 419 Detail Drawings or Piece Part Drawings 420 12.1 SUBASSEMBLIES 422 12.2 IDENTIFICATION 422 Multidetail Drawings 423 12.3 PARTS LISTS 424 12.4 ASSEMBLY SECTIONS 425 12.5 WORKING DRAWING ASSEMBLY 426 12.6 INSTALLATION ASSEMBLIES 426 12.7 CHECK ASSEMBLIES 426 12.8 WORKING DRAWING FORMATS 428 Number of Details Per Sheet 428 Digital Drawing Transmittal 428 Title and Record Strips 429 12.9 DRAWING NUMBERS 430 12.10 ZONING 430 12.11 CHECKING DRAWINGS 430 12.12 DRAWING REVISIONS 430 12.13 SIMPLIFYING DRAWINGS 431 12.14 PATENT DRAWINGS 432 KEY WORDS 437 CHAPTER SUMMARY 437 REVIEW QUESTIONS 437 DESIGN AND WORKING DRAWING EXERCISES 438 C H A P T E R T H I R T E E N DRAWING MANAGEMENT 490 OBJECTIVES 490 OVERVIEW 491 MANAGING THE DESIGN PROCESS 492 Design Review 493 UNDERSTANDING DRAWING MANAGEMENT 494 13.1 DRAWING APPROVAL AND RELEASE 496 13.2 CHANGE ORDERS 497 13.3 REVISION BLOCK 497 13.4 A DRAWING AS A SNAPSHOT IN TIME 498 13.5 GOOD PRACTICES FOR ELECTRONIC DRAWING STORAGE 498 13.6 STORING ELECTRONIC FILES 498 13.7 ORGANIZED DIRECTORY STRUCTURES 498 13.8 FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS 500 13.9 DRAWING STANDARDS 501 13.10 STORAGE OF PAPER OR MYLAR DRAWINGS 502 13.11 REPRODUCTION OF DRAWINGS 502 13.12 PRINTING AND COPYING ENGINEERING DRAWINGS 502 13.13 DIGITAL STORAGE SYSTEMS 504 13.14 DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE 505 13.15 ELECTRONIC FILES AND THE INTERNET 505 13.16 MICROFILM, MICROFICHE, AND COMPUTER-OUTPUT MICROFILM 505 KEY WORDS 507 CHAPTER SUMMARY 507 REVIEW QUESTIONS 507 C H A P T E R F O U R T E E N AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION 508 OBJECTIVES 508 OVERVIEW 509 UNDERSTANDING AXONOMETRIC DRAWINGS 510 Projection Methods Reviewed 511 Types of Axonometric Projection 512 Axonometric Projections and 3D Models 513 14.1 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION 514 14.2 ISOMETRIC AXES 514 14.3 NONISOMETRIC LINES 514 14.4 ISOMETRIC SCALES 515 14.5 ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 515 14.6 MAKING AN ISOMETRIC DRAWING 516 14.7 OFFSET LOCATION MEASUREMENTS 517 14.8 DRAWING NONISOMETRIC LINES 517 Isometric Drawings of Inclined Surfaces 518 14.9 OBLIQUE SURFACES IN ISOMETRIC 518 14.10 HIDDEN LINES AND CENTERLINES 518 14.11 ANGLES IN ISOMETRIC 519 14.12 IRREGULAR OBJECTS 520 14.13 CURVES IN ISOMETRIC 521 14.14 TRUE ELLIPSES IN ISOMETRIC 522 14.15 ORIENTING ELLIPSES IN ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 523 14.16 DRAWING ISOMETRIC CYLINDERS 525 14.17 SCREW THREADS IN ISOMETRIC 525 14.18 ARCS IN ISOMETRICS 526 14.19 INTERSECTIONS 526 14.20 SPHERES IN ISOMETRIC 527 14.21 ISOMETRIC SECTIONING 527 14.22 ISOMETRIC DIMENSIONING 528 14.23 EXPLODED ASSEMBLIES 529 14.24 PIPING DIAGRAMS 529 14.25 DIMETRIC PROJECTION 530 14.26 APPROXIMATE DIMETRIC DRAWING 530 14.27 TRIMETRIC PROJECTION 532 14.28 TRIMETRIC SCALES 532 14.29 TRIMETRIC ELLIPSES 532 14.30 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION USING INTERSECTIONS 534 14.31 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 537 KEY WORDS 539 CHAPTER SUMMARY 539 REVIEW QUESTIONS 539 EXERCISES 539 C H A P T E R F I F T E E N OBLIQUE PROJECTION 546 OBJECTIVES 546 OVERVIEW 547 UNDERSTANDING OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS 548 Directions of Projectors 549 15.1 LENGTH OF RECEDING LINES 550 Cavalier Projection 550 Cabinet Projection 550 15.2 ANGLES OF RECEDING LINES 551 15.3 CHOICE OF POSITION 551 15.4 ELLIPSES FOR OBLIQUE DRAWINGS 553 Alternate Four Center Ellipses 553 Four Center Ellipse for Cavalier Drawings 553 15.5 OFFSET MEASUREMENTS 554 15.6 ANGLES IN OBLIQUE PROJECTION 555 15.7 OBLIQUE SECTIONS 555 15.8 SCREW THREADS IN OBLIQUE 556 15.9 OBLIQUE DIMENSIONING 556 15.10 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 556 KEY WORDS 558 CHAPTER SUMMARY 558 REVIEW QUESTIONS 558 EXERCISES 558 C H A P T E R S I X T E E N PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS 564 OBJECTIVES 564 OVERVIEW 565 UNDERSTANDING PERSPECTIVES 566 16.1 PERSPECTIVE FROM A MULTIVIEW PROJECTION 567 16.2 NON-ROTATED SIDE VIEW METHOD FOR PERSPECTIVE 568 16.3 DRAWING AN ANGULAR PERSPECTIVE 570 16.4 POSITION OF THE STATION POINT 570 16.5 LOCATION OF THE PICTURE PLANE 570 16.6 BIRD?S EYE VIEW OR WORM?S EYE VIEW 571 16.7 THE THREE TYPES OF PERSPECTIVES 571 16.8 ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE 571 16.9 ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE OF A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE 572 16.10 TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE 572 16.11 THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE 574 16.12 MEASUREMENTS IN PERSPECTIVE 576 16.13 DIRECT MEASUREMENTS ALONG INCLINED LINES 577 16.14 VANISHING POINTS OF INCLINED LINES 578 16.15 INCLINED LINES IN PERSPECTIVE, JOINING ENDPOINT METHOD 578 16.16 CURVES AND CIRCLES IN PERSPECTIVE 580 16.17 THE PERSPECTIVE PLAN METHOD 581 16.18 PERSPECTIVE DIAGRAM 581 16.19 SHADING 582 16.20 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 582 KEY WORDS 584 CHAPTER SUMMARY 584 REVIEW QUESTIONS 584 EXERCISES 584 C H A P T E R S E V E N T E E N GEARS AND CAMS 590 OBJECTIVES 590 OVERVIEW 591 UNDERSTANDING GEARS 592 Using Gears to Transmit Power 592 Spur Gear Definitions and Formulas 592 17.1 CONSTRUCTING A BASE CIRCLE 594 17.2 THE INVOLUTE TOOTH SHAPE 594 17.3 APPROXIMATE INVOLUTE USING CIRCULAR ARCS 594 17.4 SPACING GEAR TEETH 595 17.5 RACK TEETH 596 17.6 WORKING DRAWINGS OF SPUR GEARS 596 17.7 SPUR GEAR DESIGN 597 17.8 WORM GEARS 598 17.9 WORKING DRAWINGS OF WORM GEARS 599 17.10 BEVEL GEARS 600 17.11 BEVEL GEAR DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS 600 17.12 WORKING DRAWINGS OF BEVEL GEARS 601 17.13 CAMS 603 17.14 DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS 604 17.15 CAM PROFILES 604 17.16 OFFSET AND PIVOTED CAM FOLLOWERS 606 17.17 CYLINDRICAL CAMS 607 17.18 OTHER DRIVE DEVICES 607 KEY WORDS 610 CHAPTER SUMMARY 610 REVIEW QUESTIONS 610 EXERCISES 611 C H A P T E R E I G H T E E N ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS 616 OBJECTIVES 616 OVERVIEW 617 UNDERSTANDING ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS 618 Standard Symbols 618 CAD Symbol Libraries 618 Types of Electronic Diagrams 620 18.1 UNDERSTANDING ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS 622 18.2 LINE CONVENTIONS AND LETTERING 622 18.3 STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS 622 18.4 ABBREVIATIONS 623 18.5 GROUPING PARTS 623 18.6 ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS 624 18.7 CONNECTIONS AND CROSSOVERS 626 18.8 INTERRUPTED PATHS 626 18.9 TERMINALS 627 18.10 COLOR CODING 628 18.11 DIVISION OF PARTS 629 18.12 ELECTRON TUBE PIN IDENTIFICATION 629 18.13 REFERENCE DESIGNATIONS 630 18.14 NUMERICAL VALUES 630 18.15 FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION AND OTHER INFORMATION 631 18.16 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 631 18.17 PRINTED CIRCUITS 632 18.18 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 633 KEY WORDS 635 CHAPTER SUMMARY 635 REVIEW QUESTIONS 635 EXERCISES 636 C H A P T E R N I N E T E E N STRUCTURAL DRAWING 640 OBJECTIVES 640 OVERVIEW 641 STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS 642 19.1 WOOD CONSTRUCTION 643 Nominal Sizes for Wood Products 643 Symbols for Finished Surfaces on Wood Products 643 Wood Joints 644 Connector Designs 644 Metal Ring Connectors 644 Straps and Plates 646 19.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL 647 Piece Marks 647 Erection Plans 648 19.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES 648 19.4 SPECIFICATIONS 650 19.5 WELDED AND BOLTED CONNECTIONS 650 19.6 RIVETED CONNECTIONS 650 19.7 FRAME BEAM CONNECTIONS 650 19.8 WELDING 652 19.9 HIGH STRENGTH BOLTING FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS 654 19.10 ACCURACY OF DIMENSIONS 655 19.11 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 655 19.12 REINFORCED CONCRETE DRAWINGS 656 19.13 STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 658 19.14 STONE CONSTRUCTION 658 KEY WORDS 664 CHAPTER SUMMARY 664 REVIEW QUESTIONS 664 EXERCISES 665 C H A P T E R T W E N T Y LANDFORM DRAWINGS 670 OBJECTIVES 670 OVERVIEW 671 UNDERSTANDING LANDFORM DRAWINGS 672 Definitions 672 Appendices Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Mechanical drawing.