Table of contents for Principles of evidence / [compiled by] Irving Younger, Michael Goldsmith, David A. Sonenshein.

Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPT OF EVIDENCE . . 1
John H. Wigmore, 1 EVIDENCE ? 1 (3d ed. 1940) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT THE
COMMON LAW 263-64 (1898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Sir William Blackstone, COMMENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF
ENGLAND 367 (1C 768) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Real Proof, Jerome Michael & Mortimer J. Adler, 5 VAND. L.
REV. 344, 350-51 (1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter II: PRELIMINARY MATTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A. Alternatives to Formal Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. Judicial Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
a. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT
THE COMMON LAW 277, 279-80 (1898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
b. Adjudicative Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Varcoe v. Lee, 181 P. 223 (Cal. 1919) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Judicial Notice, Edmund M. Morgan, 57 HARV. L. REV. 269,
273-74 (1944) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
John H. Wigmore, 9 EVIDENCE ? 2579 (3d ed. 1940)
(Court Records) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE
? 330 (4th ed. 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of William ?Duff?
Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
State v. Graham, 322 S.W.2d 188 (Mo. Ct. App. 1959) . . . . . . . 14
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
c. Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
John Maguire, EVIDENCE: COMMON SENSE AND COMMON
LAW 168-69 (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Uniform Judicial Notice of Foreign Law Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
d. Legislative Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 207-08 (1973) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
The Relevance of Legislative Facts in Constitutional
Law, Dean Alfange, Jr., 114 U. Pa. L. Rev. 637, 639-40,
667-69 (1966) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Federal Rule of Evidence 201: Judicial Notice of Adjudicative
Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2. Other Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16: Pre-Trial Procedure:
Formulating Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B. Types of Formal Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1. Real Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
John H. Wigmore, 1 EVIDENCE ? 24 (3d ed. 1940) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. Demonstrative Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Uss v. Town of Oyster Bay, 339 N.E.2d 147 (N.Y. 1975) . . . . . . . . 27
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3. Testimonial Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C. Basic Conditions of Admissibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT
THE COMMON LAW 264-65 (1898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Federal Rule of Evidence 103, Rulings on Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes . . . . . . . . . . 31
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2. Relevance and Materiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Relevancy, Probability and the Law, George F. James,
29 CAL. L. REV. 689, 690-91 (1941) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Barnett v. State, 135 N.E. 647 (Ohio 1922) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Lynch v. Rosenberger, 249 P. 682 (Kan. 1926) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Federal Rule of Evidence 401: Definition of ?Relevant
Evidence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
United States v. Curtis, 568 F.2d 643 (9th Cir. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . 39
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Sirhan Sirhan . . . . . . . . . . 41
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3. Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Charles E. Torcia, 1 WHARTON?S CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ? 154
(13th ed. 1972) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Jerome Prince, RICHARDSON ON EVIDENCE ? 4 (10th ed. 1973) . . . . 43
4. Legal Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Logical or Legal Relevance ? A Conflict in Theory, Herman
L. Trautman, 5 VAND. L. REV. 385, 389-90 (1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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Relevancy, Probability and the Law, George F. James,
29 CAL. L. REV. 689, 701-04 (1941) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Federal Rule of Evidence 403: Exclusion of Relevant Evidence
on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time . . . . . . . . 46
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
United States v. Old Chief, 519 U.S. 172 (1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
United States v. McVeigh, 153 F.3d 1166 (10th Cir. 1998) . . . . . . . 57
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5. Evidentiary Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Evidentary Foundation: People v. Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Objections, Motions and Foundation Testimony, Mason Ladd,
43 CORNELL L.Q. 543, 543 (1958) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
James W. McElhaney, TRIAL NOTEBOOK 304, 298-303
(3d ed. 1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Federal Rule of Evidence 901: Requirement of Authentication
or Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
United States v. Reilly, 33 F.3d 1396 (3d Cir. 1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
United States v. Dumeisi, 424 F.3d 566 (7th Cir. 2005) . . . . . . . . . 79
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti . . . . . . 85
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John W. Jenrette, Jr. . . . . . 91
D. Preliminary Questions of Fact: The Role of Judge and Jury . . . . . . . 99
Functions of Judge and Jury in the Determination of Preliminary
Questions of Fact, Edmund M. Morgan, 43 HARV. L. REV. 165,
165-69 (1929) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Federal Rule of Evidence 104: Preliminary Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chapter III: THE EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
A. Testimonial Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3 THE COLLECTED WORKS OF AMBROSE BIERCE 415 (1910) . . . . . . . 105
The Competency of Witnesses, Scott Rowley, 24 IOWA L. REV. 482,
485-90 (1939) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2. Incompetence by Reason of Status: Traditional Limitations . . . . 107
a. Spousal Incompetence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Some Observations on the Law of Evidence: Family
Relations, Robert M. Hutchins & Donald Slesinger,
13 Minn. L. Rev. 675, 675 (1929) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
State v. Lee, 54 So. 356 (La. 1911) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
b. Dead Person?s Statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Dead Man?s Statutes, Roy R. Ray, 24 OHIO ST. L.J. 89,
89-108 (1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
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Ward v. Kovacs, 390 N.Y.S.2d 931 (N.Y. App. Div. 3d
Dept. 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
c. Infamous Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. ? 5922 (2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Vt. Stat. Ann., Title 12, ? 1608 (2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
d. Jurors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Hoffman v. City of St. Paul, 245 N.W. 373 (Minn. 1932) . . . . . 119
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Federal Rule of Evidence 606: Competency of Juror as
Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
United States v. Stewart. 433 F.3d 273 (2d Cir. 2006) . . . . . . . 122
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3. The Elements of Modern Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Some Observations on the Law of Evidence ? The Competency
of Witnesses, Robert M. Hutchins & Donald Slesinger 37 YALE
L.J. 1017, 1017-18 (1928) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Schneiderman v. Interstate Transit Lines, 69 N.E.2d 293
(Ill. 1946) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Federal Rule of Evidence 601: General Rule of Competency . . . . 132
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Evidentiary Foundation: State v. Ramsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Federal Rule of Evidence 602: Lack of Personal Knowledge . . . . . 136
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 (1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Kaelin v. State, 410 So. 2d 1355 (Fla. App. 1982) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Federal Rule of Evidence 603: Oath or Affirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Evidentiary Foundation: U.S. v. Spotted War Bonnet . . . . . . . . . . 141
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
People v. Walker, 231 P. 572 (Cal. App. 1924) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Susan B. Anthony . . . . . . . 145
B. The Presentation of Proof: Basic Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Joseph Heller, CATCH 22, 75-76 (1962) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Charles A. Wright & Kenneth W. Graham, 21 FEDERAL
PRACTICE & PROCEDURE, EVIDENCE ? 5036 (1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Federal Rule of Evidence 611(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
2. The Rule Against Leading Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Baron Brampton, l THE REMINISCENCES OF SIR HENRY HAWKINS
30 (R. Harris ed. 1904) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Federal Rule of Evidence 611(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
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Stahl v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., 775 F. Supp. 1397
(D. Colo. 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Lizzie Borden . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3. Assisting the Forgetful Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
United States v. Riccardi, 174 F.2d 883 (3d Cir. 1949) . . . . . . . . . 157
Federal Rule of Evidence 612: Writing Used to Refresh
Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Sporck v. Peil, 759 F.2d 312 (3d Cir. 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Roland Burnham
Molineux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4. The Rule Against Hearsay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5. The Best Evidence Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
John Maguire, EVIDENCE: COMMON SENSE AND COMMON LAW
31-32 (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Anthony J. Bocchino & David A. Sonenshein, A PRACTICAL
GUIDE TO FEDERAL EVIDENCE (1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE
?? 231, 233 (4th ed. 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Sirico v. Cotto et al., 67 Misc. 2d 636, 324 N.Y.S.2d 483, 1971
N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1315, Civil Court of the City of New York,
Trial Term, New York County, 67 Misc. 2d 636; 324 N.Y.S.2d
483; 1971 N.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Meyers v. United States, 171 F.2d 800 (D.C. Cir. 1948) . . . . . . . . . 175
United States v. Gonzales-Benitez, 537 F.2d 1051 (9th
Cir. 1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Federal Rule of Evidence 1001: Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Federal Rule of Evidence 1002: Requirement of Original . . . . . . . 181
Federal Rule of Evidence 1003: Admissibility of Duplicates . . . . . 181
Federal Rule of Evidence 1004: Admissibility of Other Evidence
of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Federal Rule of Evidence 1005: Public Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Federal Rule of Evidence 1006: Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Federal Rule of Evidence 1007: Testimony or Written Admission
of Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Federal Rule of Evidence 1008: Functions of Court and Jury . . . 182
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Jeffrey Weissberg et al. . . . 191
6. Rules Limiting Opinion Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
a. The Non-Opinion Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Carter v. Boehm, 3 Burr. 1905, 97 Eng. Rep. 1162
(K.B. 1796) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
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Expert Testimony, Mason Ladd, 5 VAND. L. REV. 414,
414-16 (1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
b. The Lay Witness Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
United States v. LeRoy, 944 F.2d 787 (10th Cir. 1991) . . . . . . . 194
Federal Rule of Evidence 701 Opinion Testimony by Lay
Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
United States v. Cox, 633 F.2d 871 (9th Cir. 1980) . . . . . . . . . . 196
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Dr. Carl Coppolino . . . . 200
c. The Expert Witness Exception to the Non-Opinion Rule . . . . . 200
Expert Testimony, Mason Ladd, 5 VAND. L. REV. 414, 417-19
(1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Een v. Consolidated Freightways, Inc. 120 F. Supp. 289
(D.N.D. 1954) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Stafford v. Mussers Potato Chips, Inc., 39 A.D.2d 831, 333
N.Y.S.2d 139 (4th Dept. 1972) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Federal Rule of Evidence 702: Testimony by Experts
(Original Text) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Federal Rule of Evidence 702: Testimony by Experts
(As Amended in 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 509 U.S. 579
(1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichae, 119 S. Ct. 1167 (1999) . . . 214
United States v. Locascio, 6 F.3d 924 (2d Cir. 1993) . . . . . . . . . 221
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Expert Testimony, Mason Ladd, 5 VAND. L. REV. 414,
421-22 (1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
United States v. Figueroa-Lopez, 125 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir.
1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams . . . . . . 231
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Opinions on Ultimate Facts: Status, Trends, and a Note of
Caution, William B. Stoebuck, 41 DEN. L.J. 226, 226-27
(1964) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Expert Testimony, Mason Ladd, 5 VAND. L. REV. 414, 423-24
(1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
United States v. Scavo, 593 F.2d 837 (8th Cir. 1979) . . . . . . . . 237
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
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Federal Rule of Evidence 704: Opinion on Ultimate Issue . . . . 239
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Some Observations Upon the Opinion Rule and Expert
Testimony, Charles T. McCormick, 23 TEX. L. REV. 109,
122-26 (1945) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
John H. Wigmore, 2 EVIDENCE ? 686 (3d ed. 1940) . . . . . . . . . . 242
Federal Rule of Evidence 705: Disclosure of Facts or Data
Underlying Expert Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
McClellan v. Morrison, 434 A.2d 23 (Me. 1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Federal Rule of Evidence 703: Bases of Opinion Testimony
by Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Richard Herrin . . . . . . . 247
C. Impeachment, Cross-Examination, and Related Problems . . . . . . . . 252
1. Impeachment by Cross-Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
John H. Wigmore, A POCKET CODE OF THE RULES OF EVIDENCE
IN TRIALS AT LAW 137 (1910) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
John H. Wigmore, 5 EVIDENCE ? 1367 (3d ed. 1940) . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
2. Impeaching Your Own Witness: The Vouching Rule . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Colledge?s Trial, 8 How. St. Tr. 549, 636 (1681) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Testimony Cites Morris, Who Will Take Stand, 59 NASHVILLE
TENNESSEAN, Nov. 4, 1982, p. 65, col. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Note, Impeaching One?s Own Witness, 49 Va. L. Rev. 996
(1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Johnson v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 208 F.2d 633 (3d Cir. 1952) . . . 255
Federal Rule of Evidence 607 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
3. The Scope of Cross-Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE
? 21 (4th ed. 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Federal Rule of Evidence 611(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
David W. Louisell & Christopher B. Mueller, 3 FEDERAL
EVIDENCE ? 332 (1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4. Impeachment Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
a. Pursuing the Competence Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Irving Younger, THE ART OF CROSS-EXAMINATION 2-7 (1976) . . . 262
United States v. Sampol, 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980) . . . . . . 267
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes . . . . . . . 269
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
1) Bias, Interest, Prejudice, and Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Bias as Affecting Credibility, William G. Hale,
1 HASTINGS L.J. 1 (1949) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
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Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bernhard
Goetz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45 (1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
2) Prior Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Credibility Tests ? Current Trends, Mason Ladd,
89 U. PA. L. REV. 166, 174-76 (1940) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Impeachment of Criminal Defendants by Prior Convictions,
Carl McGowan, 2 L. & SOC. ORD. 1 (1970) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Federal Rule of Evidence 609: Impeachment by Evidence
of Conviction of Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
United States v. Mahone, 537 F.2d 922 (7th Cir. 1976) . . . . 290
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38 (1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
United States v. Smit,h 551 F.2d 348 (D.C. Cir. 1976) . . . . . 296
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
United States v. Tse, 375 F.3d 148 (1st Cir. 2004) . . . . . . . . 304
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Mumia
Abu-Jamal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
3) Prior Bad Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Specific Acts and Related Matters as Affecting Credibility,
William G. Hale, 1 HASTINGS L.J. 89, 89-91 (1949) . . . . . . . 316
United States v. Provoo, 215 F.2d 531 (2d Cir. 1954) . . . . . . 318
Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b)(1): Evidence of Conduct
of Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Evidentiary Foundation: The O.J. Simpson Civil Trial . . . . 322
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Henry Lazarus . . . . 326
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Jesse R. Davis . . . . . 329
4) Prior Inconsistent Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE
? 28 (4th ed. 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Federal Rule of Evidence 613: Prior Statements of
Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss . . . . . . . . 338
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Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A.
Williams, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
5) The Character Witness for Veracity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Credibility Tests ? Current Trends, Mason Ladd,
89 U. PA. L. REV. 165, 171-74 (1940) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Federal Rule of Evidence 608: Evidence of Character and
Conduct of Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
United States v. Mandel, 591 F.2d 1347 (4th Cir. 1979) . . . 347
Techniques and Theory of Character Testimony,
Mason Ladd, 24 IOWA L. REV. 498, 518-26 (1939) . . . . . . . 348
6) Special Procedures for Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Ruth v. Fenchel, 121 A.2d 373 (N.J. 1956) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Herman Marion
Sweatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Dr. Sam
Sheppard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
5. Rehabilitation after Impeachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
People v. Singer, 89 N.E.2d 710 (N.Y. 1949) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Evidentiary Foundation: United States v. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
United States v. Medical Therapy Sciences, Inc. 583 F.2d 36
(2d Cir. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A.
Williams, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Chapter IV: RELEVANCY REFINED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
A. Mathematical Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Trial By Mathematics: Precision and Ritual in the Legal Process,
Laurence H. Tribe, 84 HARV. L. REV. 1329, 1332-38 (1971) . . . . . . . 377
State v. Garrison, 585 P.2d 563 (Ariz. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Smith v. Rapid Transit, 58 N.E.2d 754 (Mass. 1945) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
B. Substantive Character Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
1. A Critical Distinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
2. Types of Substantive Character Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Graham C. Lilly, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF EVIDENCE
103-05 (1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
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3. Character Evidence in a Civil Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Mutual Life Ins. Co. of Baltimore v. Kelly, 197 N.E. 235
(Ohio App. 1934) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
4. Character Evidence in a Criminal Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469 (1948) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(a): Character Evidence Not
Admissible to Prove Conduct; Exceptions; Other Crimes . . . . . . 403
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 404(a): Character Evidence
Not Admissible to Prove Conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Federal Rule of Evidence 405: Methods of Proving Character . . . 404
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Pete Seeger . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
5. Special Rules for Evidence of Other Wrongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Rex v. Smith, [1914-15] All E.R. 262 (Crim. App. 1915) . . . . . . . . 412
United States v. Woods, 484 F.2d 127 (4th Cir. 1973) . . . . . . . . . . 413
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b): Other Crimes, Wrongs,
or Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
United States v. Hearst, 563 F.2d 1331 (9th Cir. 1977) . . . . . . . . . 418
Barnes v. City of Cincinnati, 401 F.3d 729 (6th Cir. 2005) . . . . . . 421
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams . . . . . . . . . 425
6. Special Rules for Cases Alleging Sexual Assaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Rape Victim Shield Laws and the Sixth Amendment, J. Alexander
Tanford & Anthony J. Bocchino 128 U. PA. L. REV. 544, 546, 550
(1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Federal Rule of Evidence 412: Sex Offense Cases; Relevance
of Alleged Victim?s Past Behavior or Alleged Sexual
Predisposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Evidence of Propensity and Probability in Sex Offense Cases and
Other Cases, David J. Karp 70 CHI.-KENT. L. Rev. 15 (1994) . . . . 438
Federal Rule of Evidence 413: Evidence of Similar Crimes in
Sexual Assault Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Federal Rule of Evidence 414: Evidence of Similar Crimes in
Child Molestation Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Federal Rule of Evidence 415: Evidence of Similar Acts in
Civil Cases Concerning Sexual Assault or Child Molestation . . . 445
Louis M. Natali, Jr and R. Stephen Stigall, Are You Going To
Arraign His Whole Life??: How Sexual Propensity Evidence
Violates the Due Process Clause, 28 LOY. U. CHI. L.J. 1
(1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
C. Other Examples of Legal Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
1. Habit and Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Relevancy Unraveled, Part II, M.C. Slough, 5 U. KAN. L. REV.
404, 444-49 (1957) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
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Federal Rule of Evidence 406: Habit: Routine Practice . . . . . . . . 448
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Reyes v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., 589 F.2d 791 (5th
Cir. 1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
2. Subsequent Remedial Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, M.C. Slough, 5 U. KAN. L. REV.
675, 705-09 (1957) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Flaminio v. Honda Motor Co., 733 F.2d 463 (7th Cir. 1984) . . . . . 454
Federal Rule of Evidence 407: Subsequent Remedial
Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
3. Compromise Offers and Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, M.C. Slough, 5 U. KAN. L.
REV. 675, 718-20 (1957) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Federal Rule of Evidence 40:8 Compromise and Offers to
Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Gear Petroleum,
Inc., 948 F.2d 1542 (10th Cir. 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Federal Rule of Evidence 409: Payment of Medical and Similar
Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Federal Rule of Evidence 410: Inadmissibility of Pleas, Plea
Discussions, and Related Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
4. Liability Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, M.C. Slough, 5 U. KAN. L. REV.
675, 710-18 (1957) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Federal Rule of Evidence 41:1 Liability Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
CHAPTER V: THE HEARSAY RULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
A. The Rule Against Hearsay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Federal Rule of Evidence 802: Hearsay Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Notes 467
B. Rationale for the Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
What Is Hearsay?, Carl C. Wheaton, 46 IOWA L. REV. 210, 219-22
(1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Hearsay Dangers and the Application of the Hearsay Concept,
Edmund M. Morgan, 62 HARV. L. REV. 177, 177-79 (1948) . . . . . . . . 469
Queen v. Hepburn, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 290 (1813) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr. . . . . 474
C. Defining Hearsay ? Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
What Is Hearsay?, Carl C. Wheaton, 46 IOWA L. REV. 210, 210-11
(1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(a) & (c): Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
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McCormick on Evidence and the Concept of Hearsay: A Critical
Analysis Followed By Suggestions to Law Teachers, Roger C. Park,
65 MINN. L. REV. 423, 424 (1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Anderson v. United States, 417 U.S. 211 (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
QuestionS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(a) & (c): Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
United States v. Brown, 548 F.2d 1194 (5th Cir. 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
D. The Application of Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
The Borderland of Hearsay, Charles T. McCormick, 39 YALE
L.J. 488, 489 (1930) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
What Is Hearsay?, Carl C. Wheaton, 46 IOWA L. REV. 210,
215-18 (1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Creaghe v. Iowa Home Mutual Casualty Co., 323 F.2d 981
(10th Cir. 1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
United States v. Jones, 663 F.2d 567 (5th Cir. 1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
United States v. DeVincent, 632 F.2d 147 (1st Cir. 1980) . . . . . . . . . . 489
Betts v. Betts, 473 P.2d 403 (Wash. App. 1970) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Westbrook Pegler . . . . . . . . . . 493
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Willie Riviello . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
United States v. McLennan, 563 F.2d 943 (9th Cir. 1977) . . . . . . . . . 496
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
E. Evasive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
People v. Felder, 337 N.E.2d 606 (N.Y. 1975) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
United States v. Snow, 517 F.2d 441 (9th Cir. 1975) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
People v. Barnhart, 153 P.2d 214 (Cal. App. 1944) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr. . . . . 508
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
F. Conduct and Implied Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Stevenson v. Commonwealth, 237 S.E.2d 779 (Va. 1977) . . . . . . . . . . 510
State v. Galvan, 297 N.W.2d 344 (Iowa 1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
The ?Hear-Say? Rule as a ?See-Do? Rule: Evidence of Conduct,
Judson F. Falknor, 33 ROCKY MT. L. REV. 133, 133-34 (1961) . . . . . . 514
United States v. Zenni, 492 F. Supp. 464 (E.D. Ky. 1980) . . . . . . . . . . 515
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Park v. Huff, 493 F.2d 923 (5th Cir. 1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
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Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Charles Manson . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Silver v. New York Central R. Co., 105 N.E.2d 923 (Mass. 1952) . . . . 524
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
G. Defining the Hearsay Declarant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
People v. Centolella, 61 Misc. 2d 723, 305 N.Y.S.2d 279 (Oneida
Cty. Ct. 1969) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(b) & (c): Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
The Turncoat Witness: Previous Statements as Substantive Evidence,
Charles T. McCormick, 25 TEX. L. REV. 573, 573-77 (1947) . . . . . . . . 528
United States v. Biener, 52 F. Supp. 54 (E.D. Pa. 1943) . . . . . . . . . . . 530
United States v. DeSisto, 329 F.2d 929 (2d Cir. 1964) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(b), (c) & (d)(1): Definitions . . . . . . . . . 537
Arizona Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Michigan Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
H. Non-Hearsay Statements Admissible for Their Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
The Hearsay Rule and Its Exceptions, Judson F. Falknor,
2 UCLA L.REV. 43, 43-45 (1954) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
The Probative Force of Hearsay, Jack B. Weinstein, 46 IOWA
L. REV. 331, 337-38 (1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
2. Admissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
a. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Admissions in the Uniform Rules: Are They Necessary?,
James L. Hetland, 46 IOWA L. REV. 307, 308-10 (1961) . . . . . . 546
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2): Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
State v. Johnson, 245 N.W.2d 687 (Wis. 1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Lizzie Borden . . . . . . . . 551
Bill v. Farm Bureau Life Insurance Co., 119 N.W.2d 768
(Iowa 1965) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Note and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
b. Adoptive Admissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Admissions, Edmund M. Morgan, 12 WASH. L. REV.
182, 186-87 (1937) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Ollert v. Ziebell, 114 A. 356 (N.J. 1921) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
United States v. Flecha, 539 F.2d 874 (2d Cir. 1976) . . . . . . . . 557
United States v. Kilbourne, 559 F.2d 1263 (4th Cir. 1977) . . . . 558
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
c. Vicarious Admissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
The Rationale of Vicarious Admissions, Edmund M.
Morgan, 42 HARV. L. REV. 462, 463-64 (1929)4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
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Big Mack Trucking Company, Inc. v. Dickerson,
497 S.W.2d 283 (Tex. 1973) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Martin v. Savage Truck Line, Inc., 121 F. Supp. 417
(D.D.C. 1954) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Mahlandt v. Wild Canid Survival and Research Center, Inc.,
588 F.2d 626 (8th Cir. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
d. Co-Conspirator Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Hearsay and Conspiracy: A Reexamination of the
Co-Conspirators? Exception to the Hearsay Rule, Joseph H.
Levie, 52 MICH. L. REV. 1159, 1161, 1163-64 (1954) . . . . . . . . 570
United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31 (D.C. Cir. 1976) . . . . . 571
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A.
Williams, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
I. Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
1. Exceptions Requiring Declarant Unavailability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
a. Introduction: The Concept of Unavailability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Comment, Hearsay Under the Proposed Federal Rules:
A Discretionary Approach, 15 WAYNE L. REV. 1077,
1101-05 (1969) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Federal Rule of Evidence 804(a) Hearsay Exceptions:
Declarant Unavailable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
b. Declarations Against Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
An Exception to the Hearsay Rule, Bernard S. Jefferson,
58 HARV. L. REV. 1, 1-2, 8, 39-40 (1944) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(3): Hearsay Exceptions:
Declarant Unavailable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Wisconsin Statutes Annotated ? 908.045(4) Hearsay
Exceptions: Declarant Unavailable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
United States v. MacDonald, 688 F.2d 224 (4th Cir. 1982) . . . . 587
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
United States v. Lang, 589 F.2d 92 (2d Cir. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594 (1994) . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes . . . . . . . 602
c. Former Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Note, Affidavits, Depositions, and Prior Testimony,
46 IOWA L. REV. 356, 356-57 (1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
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United States v. DiNapoli, 8 F.3d 909 (2d Cir. 1993)
(en banc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
United States v. Koon, 34 F.3d 1416 (9th Cir. 1994) . . . . . . . . . 610
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
d. Dying Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Some Reflections on Dying Declarations, Charles W. Quick,
6 HOW. L.J. 109, 109-12 (1960) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96 (1933) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
State v. Adamson, 665 P.2d 972 (Ariz. 1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(2) Hearsay Exceptions:
Declarant Unavailable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Florida Evidence Code ? 90.804(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Federal Rule of Evidence 804 Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant
Unavailable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Federal Rule of Evidence 807: Residual Exception . . . . . . . . . . 625
2. Exceptions Not Requiring Declarant Unavailability . . . . . . . . . . . 626
a. Business Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
The Introduction of Documentary Evidence, John E. Tracy,
24 IOWA L. REV. 436, 454-56 (1939) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Johnson v. Lutz, 170 N.E. 517 (N.Y. 1930) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Kelly v. Wasserman, 158 N.E.2d 241 (N.Y. 1959) . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Federal Rules of Evidence 803(6): Hearsay Exceptions;
Availability of Declarant Immaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Federal Rule of Evidence 805: Hearsay within Hearsay . . . . . 633
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109 (1943) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Melton v. St. Louis Public Service Co., 251 S.W.2d 663
(Mo. 1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Williams v. Alexander, 129 N.E.2d 417 (N.Y. 1955) . . . . . . . . . 639
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
United States v. Kim, 595 F.2d 755 (D.C. Cir. 1979) . . . . . . . . . 643
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss8 . . . . . . . . . . 649
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
b. Public Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Comment, Hearsay Under the Proposed Federal Rules:
A Discretionary Approach, 15 WAYNE L. REV. 1077,
1156-59 (1969) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Beech Aircraft Corporation v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153 (1988) . . . 656
Federal Rules of Evidence 803(8), (9) & (10): Hearsay
Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial . . . . . . . . . . 665
c. Excited Utterances and Present Sense Impressions . . . . . . . . . 666
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Edmund M. Morgan, BASIC PROBLEMS OF EVIDENCE 340-43
(1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Nager Electric Co. v. Charles Benjamin, Inc., 317 F. Supp.
645 (E.D. Pa. 1970) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Mary Harris . . . . . . . . . 669
Houston Oxygen Co. v. Davis, 161 S.W.2d 474 (Tex. 1942) . . . . 670
United States v. Narcisco, 446 F. Supp. 252 (E.D.
Mich. 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
d. Declarations of Physical Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Restrictions on Doctor?s Testimony in Personal Injury Cases,
Roy R. Ray, 14 SW. L.J. 133, 134-36 (1960) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Dewitt v. Johnson, 41 P.2d 476 (Okla. 1935) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3): Hearsay Exceptions;
Availability of Declarant Immaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Meaney v. United States, 112 F.2d 538 (2d Cir. 1940) . . . . . . . . 680
United States v. Tome, 61 F.3d 1446; 1995 (10th Cir. 1995) . . . 682
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
e. Declarations of State of Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Res Gestae, M.C. Slough, 2 KAN. L. REV. 121, 126-28 (1953) . . 688
Adoption of Harvey 99 A.2d 276 (Pa. 1953) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Rogers Imports, Inc., 216 F.
Supp. 670 (S.D.N.Y. 1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Hillmon, 145 U.S. 285 (1892) . . . 696
The Hillmon Case ? Thirty-Three Years After, John M.
Maguire, 38 HARV. L. REV. 709 (1925) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96 (1933) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Evidentiary Foundation: The O.J. Simpson Civil Trial . . . . . . 703
United States v. Annunziato, 293 F.2d 373 (2d Cir. 1961) . . . . 704
Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3): Hearsay Exceptions;
Availability of Declarant Immaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
California Evidence Code ?? 1251-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
United States v. Layton, 549 F. Supp. 903 (N.D. Cal. 1982),
aff?d in part, rev?d in part on other grounds, 720 F.2d 548
(9th Cir. 1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
3. The Residual Exception ? Flexibility for the Future . . . . . . . . . . 714
The Probative Force of Hearsay, Jack B. Weinstein,
46 IOWA L. REV. 331, 344-46 (1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
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Edmund M. Morgan, FOREWORD TO THE MODEL CODE OF
EVIDENCE 38-47 (1942) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Dallas County v. Commercial Union Assurance Co., 286 F.2d
388 (5th Cir. 1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Huff v. White Motor Corp., 609 F.2d 286 (7th Cir. 1979) . . . . . . . . 726
United States v. Bailey, 581 F.2d 341 (3d Cir. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . 732
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
The Residual Exceptions to the Federal Hearsay Rule: Two
Exceptions in Search of a Rule, David A. Sonenshein, 57 N.Y.U.
L. REV. 867, 885-88 (1982) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Federal Rule of Evidence 801: Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Federal Rule of Evidence 802: Hearsay Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Federal Rule of Evidence 803: Hearsay Exceptions; Availability
of Declarant Immaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Federal Rule of Evidence 804: Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant
Unavailable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Federal Rule of Evidence 805: Hearsay within Hearsay . . . . . . . . 745
Federal Rule of Evidence 806: Attacking and Supporting
Credibility of Declarant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
David Sonenshein, Impeaching the Hearsay Declarant,
74 TEMP. L. REV. 163 (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Federal Rule of Evidence 807: Residual Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
J. Hearsay and Constitutional Confrontation Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 (1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Note 750
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S. 186 (1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Chapter VI: PRIVILEGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
1. The Basis for Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
John H. Wigmore, 8 EVIDENCE ? 2285 (3d ed. 1940) . . . . . . . . . . . 771
2. The Federal Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Congress, Evidence, and Rulemaking, James W. Moore &
Helen I. Bendex, 84 YALE L.J. 9, 19-21 (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
B. The Executive Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Executive Privilege, Archibald Cox, 122 U. PA. L. REV. 1383,
1384-87 (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
United States v. Reynolds, 345 U.S. 1 (1953) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
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Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 509: Secrets of State and Other
Official Information (not enacted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
McCray v. Illinois: Probable Cause and the Informer Privilege,
Joseph R. Quinn, 45 DEN. L.J. 399, 402-03 (1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
McCray v. Illinois, 386 U.S. 300 (1967) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 510: Identity of Informer
(not enacted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
C. The Attorney-Client Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
An Historical Perspective on the Attorney-Client Privilege, Geoffrey
C. Hazard, Jr., 66 CAL. L. REV. 1061, 1061-64, 1068-70 (1978) . . . . 804
In re Bonanno, 344 F.2d 830 (2d Cir. 1965) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 503: Lawyer-Client Privilege
(not enacted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Upjohn v. United States, 449 U.S. 383 (1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
People v. Meredith, 631 P.2d 46 (Cal. 1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
Swidler & Berlin v. United States, 524 U.S. 399 (1998) . . . . . . . . . . . 828
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr. . . . . 834
D. The Privilege For Marital Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Comment, The Husband-Wife Privilege of Testimonial
Non-Disclosure, 56 NW. U. L. REV. 208, 216-19 (1961) . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Trammel v. United States, 445 U.S. 40 (1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
People v. Melski, 176 N.E.2d 81 (N.Y. 1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 505: Husband-Wife Privilege
(not enacted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
E. The Physician-Patient Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
United States ex rel. Edney v. Smith, 425 F. Supp. 1038
(E.D.N.Y. 1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
F. The Priest-Penitent Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
Confidential Communications to the Clergy, Donna Oneta Reese,
24 OHIO ST. L.J. 55, 60-61 (1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
In re Verplank, 329 F. Supp. 433 (C.D. Cal. 1971) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 506: Communications to
Clergymen (not enacted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
G. The Newsman?s Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
United States v. Criden, 633 F.2d 348 (3d Cir. 1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
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Chapter VII: BURDENS AND PRESUMPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Burdens of Proof, Fleming James, 47 VA. L. REV. 51, 51-58
(1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
A Study Relating to the Uniform Rules of Evidence ? Burden of
Producing Evidence, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions, 6 REPORTS,
RECOMMENDATIONS AND STUDIES CALIFORNIA LAW REVISION
COMMISSION 1049, 1116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
Construing Rule 301: Instructing the Jury on Presumptions in
Civil Actions and Proceedings, David W. Louisell, 63 VA. L. REV.
281, 289-92 (1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Study Relating to the Uniform Rules of Evidence ? Burden of
Producing Evidence, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions,
6 REPORTS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND STUDIES CALIFORNIA LAW
REVISION COMMISSION 1049, 1051- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880
Uniform Rule of Evidence 301(a) & (b) (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
Model Code of Evidence 704(1) & (2) (1942) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
Federal Rule of Evidence 301: Presumptions in General in
Civil Actions and Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
Federal Rule of Evidence 302: Applicability of State Law in
Civil Actions and Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Estate of McGowan, 250 N.W.2d 234 (Neb. 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Structuring Jury Decisionmaking in Criminal Cases: A Unified
Constitutional Approach to Evidentiary Devices, Ronald J. Allen,
94 HARV. L. REV. 321, 321-24 (1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Farrell v. Czarnetzky, 566 F.2d 381 (2d Cir. 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Ulster County Court v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140 (1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 303: Presumptions in Criminal
Cases (not enacted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Notes and Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Chapter VIII: CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT THE
COMMON LAW 508-09, 529-31 (1898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Some Difficulties in Devising Rules for Determining Truth in
Judicial Trials, Jack B. Weinstein, 66 COLUM. L. REV. 223, 223,
226-29, 241-46 (1966) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Federal Rule of Evidence 102: Purpose and Construction . . . . . . . . . 918
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Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:

Evidence (Law) -- United States -- Cases.