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Contents Preface vii Introduction 1 1. Philosophical Foundations 3 Biblical Justification for Dominating Nature 3 Seeking New Land 5 Rational Nature of the World 8 Social and Political Thought in the Eighteenth Century 10 Conclusion 12 2. The 1400s through the 1700s: Inhabiting a New Land 13 Native Americans as Prototypical Environmentalists 14 Early Colonial Environmental Attitudes 17 Conclusion 21 3. The Early 1800s: Destroying the Frontier 23 Manifest Destiny 24 Domesticating the Wilderness 26 Final Conquest of the West 29 Renewed Interest in Nature 31 Conclusion 35 4. The Late 1880s: Building an Industrial Nation 37 Population Growth and Consumerism 37 Devastating the Land 40 Overconsumption of Natural Resources 42 Voices for Nature 46 Conclusion 49 5. The 1900s through the 1930s: Beginnings of the Conservation Movement 51 Conservation during the Progressive Era 52 Environmental Decay during the Roaring Twenties 60 Conservation Policies under Roosevelt's New Deal 64 Conclusion 67 6. The 1940s through the 1960s: Prelude to the Green Decade 70 Environmental Costs of Scientific Progress in the 1940s 70 v vi First Along the River The Conservative 1950s 72 Emerging Voices in the 1960s 73 The Environmental Movement Begins to Mobilize 77 Conclusion 82 7. The 1970s: The Conservation Movement Matures 84 Mainstream and Alternative Environmental Groups 84 New Environmental Legislation 92 Jimmy Carter and the Envirocrats 96 Conclusion 99 8. The 1980s: A Conservative Backlash 101 Ronald Reagan's Environmental Deregulation 101 George Bush as the Environmental President 104 Employment versus the Environment 107 Environmental Groups Actions and Reactions 109 International Environmental Concern 110 Conclusion 114 9. The Early 1990s: Government Retrenchment and Public Apathy 116 Environmental Optimism under Bill Clinton 116 A Growing Countermovement 118 A Green Revival 120 A Conservative Resurgence 125 Conclusion 131 10. The Late 1990s: The Institutionalization of the Environmental Movement 133 Clinton's Moderate Environmental Approach 133 Growing Public Concern 138 New Activism 141 Congressional Action and Inaction 144 The Global Future of the Environmental Movement 149 Conclusion 152 11. The Environmental Movement in the Post 9/11 World 155 The Presidential Election of 2000 155 The Post 9/11 World 159 Bush and Changing Regulations 163 The Debate and the Gamble 164 Conclusion 167 Conclusion 169 Glossary 174 Bibliography and Suggested Readings 188 Index 193
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Environmentalism -- United States -- History.
Environmental policy -- United States -- History.
Nature -- Effect of human beings on -- History.
Green movement -- United States -- History.