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Table of Contents: Acknowledgements Biographical Notes Preface CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Water and the society 2 The need for a water policy, legislation and administration 3 The interdisciplinarity of the subject 4 The physical context 4.1 The hydrologic cycle 4.2 Definition and analysis of precipitation 4.3 Analysis of flow 4.4 Weather modification 5 The socio-economic context 5.1 Water demand 5.2 Water pricing 5.3 Externalities 5.4 Cost analysis 6 The purpose of the book References CHAPTER 2: EARLIEST WATER REGULATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 1 The importance of water regulations throughout history 2 The difficulty of studying early water regulations 3 The development of earliest water law principles 4 Ancient Egyptian water regulations and management 4.1 Earliest dynasties (3400-2650 BC) 4.2 Later dynasties (2650-300 BC) 5 Ancient Mesopotamian water regulations and management 5.1 Historical development 5.2 The Hammurabi code 5.3 Subsequent codifications 5.4 Detailed water regulations 6 Ancient Hindu water regulations and management 6.1 The Hindu legal system 6.2 Water regulations in the Code of Manu 7 Ancient Chinese water regulations and management 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Water regulations 7.3 Basic principles 8 Hebrew water regulations and management 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The importance of water 8.3 Water law principles 8.4 Conclusion 9 Pre-Columbian water regulations and management 9.1 Coastal Peru (Inca) 9.2 Meso-America (Maya - Aztec) 10 Other early systems of water regulations and management 11 General conclusion References CHAPTER 3: ROMAN AND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1 Introduction 2 Roman water law principles 2.1 The origins and Regal period (1000-500 BC) 2.2 The Republican period (509-27 BC) 2.2.1 The classification and ownership of water 2.2.2 The right to use water 2.2.3 Protection from harmful effects of water and control of waterworks and structures 2.2.4 Water administration 2.3 The Principate (27 BC-286 AD) 2.3.1 The classification and ownership of water 2.3.2 The right to use water 2.3.3 Protection of existing water rights: the interdicta 2.3.4 Protection from harmful effects of water and control of waterworks and structures 2.3.5 Water administration 2.4 The Absolute Monarchy or Late Empire (286-565 AD) 2.4.1 The classification and ownership of water 2.4.2 The right to use water 2.4.3 Protection from harmful effects of water and control of waterworks and structures 2.4.4 Water administration 3 Intermediate water law principles in Europe 3.1 First period (fifth century AD-1158) 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Principles of water law under Roman-Barbaric rule 3.1.3 The feudal system 3.1.4 Water law principles under the feudal system 3.2 Second period (1158-1812) 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 The classification and ownership of water 3.2.3 The right to use water 4 Intermediate water law principles in Ibero-America 4.1 Early legal principles 4.2 Water regulations References CHAPTER 4: DEFINITION AND SOURCES OF WATER LAW 1 Introduction 2 The content and concept of water law 3 The relationship between water law and other legal disciplines 3.1 Constitutional law 3.2 Administrative law 3.3 Civil law 3.4 Criminal or penal law 3.5 Agrarian law 3.6 Mining law 3.7 Natural resources and/or environmental law 3.8 Public health law 3.9 Other legal disciplines 4 Sources of water law 5 Legislation in general 6 International and interstate agreements 7 Customary law 8 Case law and arbitral awards 9 Doctrine, or scholarly opinion 10 Common law 11 Conclusion References CHAPTER 5: EXISTING SYSTEMS 1 Introduction 2 Original Roman water law principles and their influence in subsequent legislation 3 Customary water law: its importance 4 Water law principles in the Islamic system 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The origin and sources of Islamic water law 4.3 Water ownership and the right of use 4.4 Groundwater law 4.5 The process of codification and the Ottoman Civil Code ¿Mejelle¿ 4.5.1 The Ottoman Civil Code ¿Mejelle¿ 4.5.2 The legal status of water 4.5.3 The right to use water 4.5.4 Maintenance of waterways 4.5.5 The harim 4.6 Islamic water administration 4.6.1 Customary water administration 4.6.2 Recent developments in the administration of water 4.6.3 Government action in Moslem countries 5 Water law principles in civil law countries 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The legal status of water resources 5.3 The right to use water 5.4 Water quality and pollution control 5.5 Water administration 5.6 Conclusion 6 Water law principles in common law countries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The legal status of water resources 6.3 The right to use water 6.4 Water quality and pollution control 6.5 Recent developments of the common law system 6.6 Water administration 7 Water law principles in the former Soviet system 7.1 Fundamentals of Soviet water law 7.2 The legal status of water 7.3 The right to use water 7.4 Order of priorities 7.5 Harmful effects of water 7.6 Water quality and pollution control 7.7 Enforcement 7.8 Centralized inventory and planning 7.9 Water administration 7.10 Evolution and trends 8 Water law principles in the Hindu subak system of Bali 8.1 Legal-historical background 8.2 Definition and origin 8.3 Organization 8.4 The legal status of water resources 8.5 The right to use water 8.6 Order of priorities 8.7 Water quality and pollution control 8.8 The water distribution system 8.9 Financial aspects 8.10 Water law implementation 8.11 The settlement of disputes 8.12 The statutory subak 8.13 Conclusion References CHAPTER 6: DEVELOPMENT BY REGION 1 Africa 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Customary law 1.3 Countries following principles of the civil law system 1.4 Countries following principles of the common law system 1.5 Countries following principles of other systems 1.6 Countries influenced by principles of the Islamic water law system 2 Asia and the Pacific 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Countries following principles of the civil law system 2.3 Countries following principles of the common law system 2.3.1 Australia 2.3.2 Bangladesh 2.3.3 India 2.3.4 Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 2.3.5 Other countries 2.4 Countries following principles of other systems 2.4.1 People's Republic of China 2.4.2 Japan 2.4.3 The Philippines 2.4.4 Other countries 2.5 Water administration 3 Central and South America 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Central and South American water law principles 3.2.1 Latin American countries 3.2.2 Other countries of Central and South America 3.3 The legal status of water resources 3.4 The right to use water 3.5 Order of priorities 3.6 Legislation on water use, quality and pollution control 3.7 Water administration 4 Europe 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The legal status and the right to use water 4.3 Water quality and pollution control 4.4 Institutional framework 4.4.1 Federal states in Europe 4.4.2 Unitary states in Europe 4.4.3 States undergoing a process of decentralization 4.4.4 Basin level 4.5 The process of transposition of the European legal framework 4.5.1 Background 4.5.2 Developments 5 United States of America 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Federal water law principles 5.3 State water law principles 5.3.1 Riparian water law 5.3.2 The appropriation doctrine 5.3.3 Groundwater management 5.3.4 The conjunctive use of surface and underground water References CHAPTER 7: POSSIBLE CONTENTS OF AND REASONS FOR WATER LAW 1 Introduction 2 The contribution of the lawyer 3 General considerations 4 Water policy 5 Collection and use of information 6 Water resources planning 7 Ownership or other juridical status of water 7.1 Public waters 7.2 Private waters 7.3 Res nullius 7.4 Common waters: community or tribal waters 7.5 Conclusion 8 The right to use water 8.1 Basic concepts 8.2 Legal régimes governing the right to use water freely or by virtue of a simple declaration/ registration 8.2.1 The free use of water 8.2.2 Declaration/registration 8.3 The permit system 8.3.1 Applicability 8.3.2 Different types of permit 8.3.3 The procedure for granting permits 8.4 Characteristics of permits and concessions 8.4.1 The difference between permits and concessions 8.4.2 Common characteristics of permits and concessions 8.5 Recognition or reallocation of pre-existing water rights 8.5.1 Customary and riparian rights 8.5.2 Rights under the appropriation doctrine 8.5.3 Powers of the administration 8.5.4 The reallocation of water 8.6 Water markets 9 Limitations to the right to use 10 Priorities 11 Beneficial uses 11.1 Water and other natural resources 11.2 Domestic and municipal uses 11.3 Agricultural uses 11.4 Industrial uses 11.5 Hydropower production 11.6 Setting of minimum flow requirements 11.7 Other public uses 11.8 Conclusion 12 Harmful effects of water 13 Water quality and pollution control 13.1 Waste and misuse of water 13.2 Recycling, reuse of water and recharging of aquifers 13.3 Wastewater and effluent control 13.4 Health preservation 13.5 Pollution control 14 Environment protection 15 Underground waters 16 Control and protection of waterworks and structures 17 Protected zones/areas 18 Legislation on financial aspects 19 Implementation of water legislation 19.1 General remarks 19.2 Judicial and administrative control over water ownership, use and distribution 19.3 Protection of individual rights and water rights 19.4 Administrative procedures for claims against the water administration 19.5 Water tribunals or courts 19.6 Penalties and sanctions 20 The interconnection between water law and other legal enactments relevant to water law 21 Customary water law and institutions 22 Water users' associations 23 National water resources administration References CHAPTER 8: WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND WATER LAW 1 The rationale of water resources planning 2 Objectives of a water resources plan 3 Types and characteristics of plans 4 The relationship between water resources planning and economic and social sectors 5 Methods for planning processes 6 Relevant administrative and institutional issues 6.1 Administrative and institutional issues 6.2 Other factors contributing to a better administration and planning of water resources 7 Water resources planning under the European Water Framework Directive References CHAPTER 9: NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION 1 Introduction 2 Different types of water resources administration 2.1 Institutions according to their powers 2.2 Institutions according to their functions 2.3 Institutions according to uses 2.4 Institutions according to their territorial level of jurisdiction 2.5 Institutions according to their legal régime 2.6 Special water development agencies 2.7 Water users' associations 3 Major issues of water resources administration 3.1 The need for coordination 3.2 The question of centralization, decentralization and deconcentration of the water administration 3.3 The water rights administration 3.4 The need for a water resources ¿regulatory¿ institution 3.4.1 Definitions 3.4.2 Major objectives and functions of a regulatory institution 3.5 The role of water law in institution building 4 A possible institutional solution 4.1 Institutions at the national level 4.1.1 A national water resources council 4.1.2 A national water committee or commission 4.1.3 A central water administration 4.2 Institutions at the regional, basin, sub-basin and local levels 4.2.1 At the regional level 4.2.2 At the basin or sub-basin level 4.2.3 At the aquifer level 4.2.4 At the local level 4.2.5 At the international level 4.3 Conclusion References CHAPTER 10: INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES LAW IN GENERAL 1 Introduction 2 The concept of ¿international water resources¿ and other definitions 2.1 A historical review 2.2 The drainage basin concept 2.3 The expression ¿international water resources ¿ 3 The sources of international water resources law 3.1 Introduction 3.2 International conventions 3.2.1 General conventions 3.2.2 Particular conventions 3.3 International customary water law 3.4 The codification of international water resources law 3.5 The law-making activity of the European Union 3.6 General principles of international water resources law 3.7 Resolutions of intergovernmental organizations 3.8 Judicial decisions 3.8.1 Decisions of international courts 3.8.2 Arbitral awards 3.8.3 Decisions of national tribunals 3.9 Contributions of publicists and international non-governmental organizations 3.9.1 The work of the Institute of International Law 3.9.2 The work of the International Law Association 3.9.3 The work of the Inter-American Bar Association 3.9.4 The work of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee 3.9.5 The work of the Pan American Union 3.9.6 The work of the Council of Europe 3.9.7 The work of the International Association for Water Law References CHAPTER 11: INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES LAW: MAJOR ISSUES 1 Boundary demarcation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The boundary on a successive river 1.3 The boundary on a contiguous river 1.3.1 The boundary at the banks (river res nullius) 1.3.2 The boundary at the banks (river res comunis) 1.3.3 The boundary at one of the banks 1.3.4 The boundary at the median line 1.3.5 The boundary at the thalweg 1.4 Natural modifications of the boundary on a contiguous river 1.5 The boundary on a bridge over a contiguous river 2 Navigation 2.1 Origins 2.2 The internationalization of navigation 2.3 The Congress of Vienna (1815) 2.4 The Treaty of Paris (1856): the régime of the Danube 2.5 The Danube régime after 1856 2.6 The Act of Berlin (1885) 2.7 The régime after World War I 2.8 The régime established at Barcelona (1921) 2.8.1 The administration of international waterways 2.8.2 Evaluation 2.9 Developments after Barcelona: the Danube 2.10 The régime after World War II 3 Non-navigational uses of water 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The theory of absolute territorial sovereignty 3.3 The theory of absolute territorial integrity 3.4 The theory of limited territorial sovereignty and integrity 3.5 The shared natural resources concept 3.6 Equitable and reasonable utilization and participation 3.7 Floating 3.8 Production of energy and other industrial uses 3.9 Procedural rules 3.10 Conclusions 4 Harmful effects of water 4.1 Definition 4.2 Evolution 4.3 The emerging rule 5 Quality control of water 5.1 Definition 5.2 Evolution 5.3 The emerging rule 6 Armed conflict 6.1 Definition 6.2 Precedents 6.3 The emerging rule 7 Environmental aspects 7.1 Definitions 7.2 Evolution 7.3 The emerging rule References CHAPTER 12: INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION 1 Introduction 2 Institutional developments 2.1 Institutional developments in Europe 2.1.1 The Rhine Commissions 2.1.2 The Danube Commissions 2.1.3 Other commissions 2.2 Institutional developments in the Americas 2.2.1 The International Joint Commission between the USA and Canada 2.2.2 The International Boundary and Water Commission between USA and Mexico 2.2.3 The Plata River Basin 2.2.4 Other commissions 2.3 Institutional developments in Africa 2.3.1 The Nile Commission 2.3.2 Post-1960¿s basin institutions 2.3.3 The Liptako-Gourma Authority 2.3.4 Other African basin institutions 2.4 Institutional developments in Asia 2.4.1 The Mekong River Commission 2.4.2 The Indus Commission 2.4.3 Mixed commissions between Nepal and India 2.4.4 The India-Bangladesh Joint Commission 2.4.5 Institutional arrangements for the Aral Sea basin 2.4.6 The Helmand River Commission 2.4.7 Other commissions 3 Evaluation of existing arrangements 4 Objectives and purposes 4.1 Technical responsibilities 4.2 Economic and financial responsibilities 4.3 Legal and administrative responsibilities 4.4 Possible options 5 Duration, constitution and decisionmaking procedures 5.1 Duration 5.2 Constitution 5.3 Procedures for decisionmaking 5.4 Legal status 6 Territorial competence 7 Functions and powers 8 Form 9 Major institutional requirements for rational international water resources administration 10 Economic and financial requirements 11 Prevention and settlement of disputes 12 Conclusion References CHAPTER 13: LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT 1 Introduction 2 National level 2.1 The existing situation 2.2 Legal needs 2.2.1 Metering 2.2.2 Exploration or prospecting permits 2.2.3 Drillers' licences or permits 2.2.4 The modification of existing legislation 2.2.5 Groundwater found incidentally 3 International level 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sources and evolution of international groundwater law 3.3 The experience of federal countries 3.4 The codification of the law of transboundary aquifers 3.5 Major institutional issues 3.6 The emerging rules 4 Pollution control 4.1 The existing situation 4.2 Legal needs 4.2.1 The classification of water bodies into categories 4.2.2 The permit and concession system 4.2.3 The reservation of good quality groundwater for drinking purposes 4.2.4 The prohibition of discharges into waters 4.2.5 The establishment of protected zones or areas 4.2.6 Sanitary or public health measures 4.2.7 Financial provisions 4.3 Groundwater and the European Union 4.4 Conclusion References
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Water -- Law and legislation.
Water conservation -- Law and legislation.
Water resources development -- Law and legislation.